Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Anemia - Essay Example The body may also fail to generate red blood cells to lead to the shortage in the body. Alternatively, the rate of degeneration of red blood cells may be higher than the rate of regeneration to identify shortage into anemia. Anemia also exists in different forms and examples are â€Å"iron deficiency anemia,† â€Å"vitamin deficiency anemia,† â€Å"anemia caused by underlying diseases,† and anemia that results from hereditary diseases (Women’s Health, 2012, p. 1). Symptoms exist that indicate possible existence of anemia and examples include â€Å"fatigue, weakness, dizziness, headache, low body temperature, pale skin, and shortness of breath† (Women’s Health, 2012, p. 1). Existing tests for the condition are limited to physical examination on the symptoms and treatments such as blood transfusion, suppression of the immune system, facilitated generation of red blood cells, and consumption of necessary supplements exist. The treatments focus o n each cause of the condition. In severe conditions, anemia can lead to cardiac arrest (Chem,

Contract law research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Contract law - Research Paper Example As earlier mentioned, a contract refers to a relationship of exchange that is either written or oral agreement between persons. This relationship contains one or more promises, which are legally enforceable. Several crucial elements are reflected by this definition of a contract. They include the following: the first element of an indenture is that, it is an agreement that is either written or oral between a minimum of two persons. This element implies that one cannot make a contract with oneself. The relationship in a contract is consensual and voluntary, meaning that no one is coerced to sign a contract. Even, though, the minimum number of people required in signing a contract is two, the transaction can involve a limitless number of parties. The parties create a contract with intent and free will to be bound, and they reach an agreement concerning vital provisions of the relationship. A contractual obligation is distinguished from other legal duties by the agreement element. The s econd element is that a contract is a relationship of exchange that is based on the principle of offer and acceptance. This element emphasizes that the parties who enter in to a contract are bound together by the by a commodity that they are exchanging. Minimum interaction is involved in a number of contractual relationships (Blum, 2007). For instance, if an individual enters into a contract to have his hair cut, the barber will perform a quick activity of trimming his hair and the individual will honor his obligation by paying for the services. These two activities will mark the end of the contractual relationship. On the contrary, contractual relationships like supply contracts or leases could last for several years, and the parties involved engaging into constant dealings that are controlled by the provisions stated in the agreement. A contract relationship has an essential purpose which is exchange. Society and the economy require the trade of intangible rights, services and pro perty. These exchanges are regulated and facilitated by a contract as part of its chief role. Therefore, a contract carries with it the principle of reciprocity, in which one must part with something to get something back. The third essential element is that a contract should have a minimum of one promise, which is made with a hope of being honored in a later date as per the agreements. A contract is not constituted in the instantaneous exchanges, even though they involve a trade and are consensual (Blum, 2007). A promise, therefore, goes beyond the agreement instance as a future commitment. If both parties honor their side of the commitment at the expiry of the agreed duration, then there will be no need of involving the law in contracts. Contract law comes in incase of breach of contractual agreement by either of the parties. Last but not least, a contract has an

News Is Nothing More Than A Strategic Ritual Media Essay

News Is Nothing More Than A Strategic Ritual Media Essay From my opinion, to be objective, it is to illustrate both sides of a particular point of view without being subjective. This means that what is being portrayed should be value free. The journalist illustrates the whole truth about an event without including his or her own opinion in a subjective manner. There has been an ongoing discourse about objectivity. Objectivity in the news being nothing more than a strategic ritual. Firstly, objectivity can be hard to define as illustrated by Schudson â€Å"Objectivity might be a professional idea, but it is one that seemed to disintegrate as soon as it was formulated. It became an ideal in journalism, after all, precisely when the impossibility of overcoming the subjectivities of presenting the news was widely accepted. Criticism of the â€Å"myth† of objectivity has been a contrapuntal accompaniment to the enunciation of objectivity as an ideal from the beginning† (Schudson, 1990: 269). â€Å"To a sociologist, the word â€Å"Objectivity† is fraught with meaning. It invokes philosophy, notions of science, and ideas of professionalism. It conjures up the ghost of Durkheim and Weber, recalling disputes in scholarly journals concerning the nature of â€Å"social facts† and the term â€Å"value free†Ã¢â‚¬  (Tuchman 1972: 660). This therefore suggests that the term objectivity is burdened with different meaning, thus very difficult to define as any definition of such word can easily be obsolete. However Schudson on the other hand argues that â€Å"A commitment to objectivity in journalism can be defined as meaning that â€Å"a persons statement about the world can be trusted if they are submitted to established rules deemed legitimate by a professional community† (Schudson 1978: 294 cited in Harcup 2009: 82) According to Bennet, â€Å"there are reasons to be dissatisfied with the news these days. Yet, news remains the primary source of information about society, politics, and government†. These problems could be said to be related to the term objectivity. In the sense that so many factors affect the news, thus the news cannot be seen as the whole truth, as it could be argued that it is fragmented. Furthermore the publics perception about society and all other events are distorted. In relating it back to the question, it can be argued that objectivity in the news is not a strategic ritual because there are factors beyond the newsmans power that cannot be controlled, as other individuals are involved in the production of the news, such as the gate keeper who decides what news is and is not presented. Thus the news is subjective. â€Å"Perhaps the most unsettling thought of all is that the electronic media, the principal source of political information for many if not many American citizens (Robinson and Levy 1985), might be biased in the presentation of public affair† (Kuklinsk 1992: 810). This can be said to be related to objectivity because there is always the question about selection of news. How journalist select news would determine whether the news they produce would have bias included, thus the selection of news would be considered in further paragraphs. Bearing in mind that they previously hold a certain view about a topic. This would then create bias in the news report. News is the only source in which individuals find out events happening in society. However like it was previously reiterated, the news is always biased, one way or the other, thus the public is not fully aware of what is going on around them. â€Å"More than one public official has made this very claim.when every president- liberal or conservative, democrat or republican-has complained bitterly about the inaccurate and unfair picture the networks were presenting†(Kuklinsk 1992: 811)â€Å"Reagans secretary of state, George Shult, was heard to protest that â€Å"it seems as though the reporters are against us. Theyre always seeking to report something thats going to screw things up† (quoted by Karp 1985, 63). With this, it can be illustrated that the newsmen may actually do it on purpose, so that they could attract increasing audiences. This could be said to be objectivity in the news to be a strategic ritual, in the sense that journalist would go any length just to entertain the public at the expense of politicians profile. Thus getting increased audience because relating it to news values, the public would like to hear more on bad news and unexpectedness. The more the news is unexpected, the more it would attract increased audiences. There are two questions which confront us when we deal with the problems of how news is selected from the multitude of events which occur in the world. The first is: what is selected?the second is that of objectivity: namely, how accurately does such a selection reflect the real world? (Cohen and Young 1973: 17). The idea that journalist have the choice to select the news they want to report on, it means that they are already being subjective about the particular topic they want to report on. Thus, objectivity in the news could be said to be a strategic ritual. This could be so, because they might already hold a particular perspective on the topic. Hence would unavoidably be able to neglect their point of view in reporting the news, so the news becomes biased in the sense that they are selling their opinion to the public about a particular topic. Consequently, they give biased news to the public; therefore the public gets a distorted view about what the journalist is writing about. â€Å"According to Gaye Tuchman, objectivity can be seen as a strategic ritual that journalist use as a defence mechanism. She identified four routine procedures that allow journalist claim objectivity for their work: the presentation of conflicting possibilities, the presentation of supporting evidence, the judicious use of quotation marks, the structuring of information in an appropriate sequence† (Tuchman, 299-301 cited in Harcup 2009) The word objectivity can be affected by several factors of only some would be discussed, which in turn affects the report in which the journalist produces. This can be illustrated by Tuchman 1972, who explained that â€Å"there are three types of factors which influence the newsmans notion of objectivity: form, inter organization relationships, and content. By form, I mean those attributes of news stories and newspapers which exemplify news procedures such as the use of quotation marks†(Tuchman 1972: 661) This is to show that by using such quotation marks, it would mark the objectivity of the event. Individuals who must have witnessed whatever event would be able to give a full account about what happened. Thus, the journalists report would be objective and free from bias thus exemplifying him from problems if he produced inaccurate news. â€Å"By content I mean notions of social reality which the news paper man takes for granted. Content is also related to the newsmans orga nisational relationships, for his experiences with these organisations lead him to take for granted certain things about them† (Tuchman 1972: 661). Everett Hughes (1964) cited in Tuchman 1972: 661 â€Å"suggests that procedures that serve this purposes may be seen as â€Å"rituals†inasmuch as newspapermen invoke ritualistic procedures in order to deflect potential criticism and to follow routines bounded by the â€Å"cognitive limits of rationality†, they are also performance â€Å"strategies† (March and Simon 1967, pp.137, 142)Objectivity as strategic ritual may be used by professionals to defend themselves from critical onslaught†. Overall, these factors/ procedures help protect the journalist and the organisations integrity in the sense that they would not get accused of producing inaccurate news and they would not get sued unnecessarily. All these factors explained by Tuchman, it can be argued that objectivity in the news is a strategic ritual i n the fact that, they are trying to protect their back and save the organisations reputation. It can be argued that objectivity in the news is a strategic ritual because it can be said that the newspaper and writers are trying to get an increase audience. With them publishing the news, it would actually help increase their organisational revenue in the sense that they would experience high circulation. Also with the increased audience, it means that they would be at the top of the competition list, therefore giving them the competitive edge against other news providers. Thus giving them a unique selling point, which means they would be able to differentiate themselves from other news organisations. as a result stand out. This could be illustrated further, according to Young â€Å"the market model then maintains that the responsible journalist selects these events which are in the public interest to know and objectively portray reality within the format and genre of the particular media concerned†(Young 1973: 17). The public would like to know that they are being provi ded with objective news, thus the journalist would try their best to provide the news, so by making sure they get objective news, and they increase their readership and circulation. This would benefit them because it would allow them to be popular against their competitors. However, for the fact journalist select the news they think the public would be interested and present it as objectively as they can, this could be said to be a strategic ritual. The selection of news would further be illustrated later in this essay. This may be so, in the fact that they dont want to get themselves into trouble for providing biased news, thus affecting their integrity in the organisation they work and publicly soiling the organisations reputation. This means that the public would not trust the news they produce, thus, they would continually get negative criticism. This could be illustrated by Tuchman 1977b cited in Shoemaker 1996 who â€Å"argues that objectivity is a ritual that objectivity is a ritual that serves primarily to defend the organisational product from critics. Because newsworkers have little time to reflect on whether they have gotten at the â€Å"truth† in their stories, the need a set of procedure, or strategies, that if followed will protect them from occupational hazards such as libel suit and reprimands from superior†. Consequently, journalists follow a set of guidelines to avoid critics so that they dont get into unnecessary trouble and to be able to protect themselves from disgrace. Like it was previously said, journalist get chance to select the news they want to write about. The idea that they are allowed to do that shows that the news they are going to write about is already biased on the fact that they might already have a subjected view about it. Thus, the news would be value laden as well as hardly value free. Also for the fact that journalist use different sources to make up their news, Even though they are supposedly trusted sources of theirs, the question is how can they be so sure that the news the trusted sources provide is objective. Thus, it shows that they cannot be sure if the news is 100% objective. â€Å"Calling into the question of validity of representational knowledge about the world- arguing that news is as much a bureaucratic product as it is a reflection of external reality and that ‘objectivity is essentially a strategic ritual- is at bottom incompatible with journalisms self legitimating discourses. Pointing out that the subjects (i.e. the journalists) perception are not just the product of individual autonomy, showing that journalist (like all of us) are inexorably entangled with and in part constituted by language us, serve to erode the foundations of the conventional wisdom†(Dahlgren 1992: 11). Consequently, this shows that, it is not only the journalist who influences the news they write, as all other people are involved..This can also be reiterated by Shoemaker 1996: 112 â€Å"objectivity, although a cornerstone of journalist ideology, is rooted in practical organisational requirements. In this sense, objectivity is less a core belief of journalist t han a set of procedures to which journalist willingly conform in other to protect themselves from attack†. Consequently, this shows that the organisations also have an influence on the new. With the organisation involved there would be less chance of the company endangering their integrity and shame on their organizational image. Both of these sources show that the firm in which these journalists work for, has an influence on the type of news they produce in the sense that they always have a say. This is done so as to protect their image. Thus a set of gu are provided for the journalist to follow, so that they do not drift off the organisations rules and regulation about reporting news. This therefore means that journalists have no choice but to follow the set guidelines or they lose their job. According to Michael Schudson (1978) cited in shoemaker 1996: 112 â€Å"notes that at the turn of the century, newspapers in competing for circulation, tried to conform to the publics standards of truth, decency, and good taste. Reporters believed they had to be lively and entertaining while factual at the same time. Indeed, editors and reporters were pre-occupied with facts to avoid public criticism and embarrassment for the newspaper†. This could be said to be spin and twisting, for the fact that journalist thought that they had to be entertaining and lively. The idea of being entertaining would mean that they are trying to reach audiences they never actually reached out to. This can also be related to the idea that objectivity in the news is not an objective idea, for the fact that the news would most probably be shortened thus audiences would not get the full picture. This could be illustrated by Shoemaker who argued that â€Å"the objectivity routine also leads to omitt ing seemingly harmless information† (Shoemaker 1996: 113). Consequently, it means that audiences are not receiving the whole story of an event. The thought that journalist are omitting some of the information may be good, in the sense that the public would get an idea and grasp a bit about a complicated story about events in society. As illustrated in Bennets Book in a case study, â€Å"news stories often oversimplify larger and more complex realities. In many ways it is goodHowever, the news may radically simplify realities to the point of distortion or omission of important information for various reasons†(Bennett 2007: 211)† This therefore suggests that objectivity in the news could be omitted for good reason; however, it should not necessarily be said to be a strategic ritual, because it is being done for a good cause. However on the other hand, it can be argued that objectivity in the news is strategic ritual in the sense that important information would be h idden an omitted from the public thus making the public naÃÆ' ¯ve to events happening in society. It can also be argued otherwise that objectivity in the news is not a strategic ritual on the fact that journalist right from the start have the obligation to report the truth and try as much as possible to be objective so as to avoid libel suits but for the fact that they have deadlines to reach. This means they would actually be time conscious. Thus having less spare time to check over their report therefore it might be difficult to have totally objective news as illustrated by Tuchman 1972 â€Å"unlike social scientists, newsmen have a limited repertoire with which to define and defend their objectivity. He must make immediate decisions concerning validity, reliability, and â€Å"truth† in other to meet the problems imposed by the nature of his taskthe newsmen need some working notion of objectivity to minimize the risk imposed by deadline, libel suits, and superiors reprimands† (Tuchman 1972: 662) â€Å"Objectivity is defined as a matter of intent, it includes the freedom to disregard the implications of the news. Indeed, objectivity could not long exist without this freedom, for the moment journalists are required to consider the effects of news on sources and others they would have to begin assessing their own intent and to relinquish their detachment, especially if they wanted to prevent injury to someone (Gans, 1979: 188). Overall, it can be argued from a perspective that objectivity in the news is a strategic ritual, down to the idea that organisations train their potential journalist and give them guidelines on how to report news in an objective manner without being biased. This is done so as to protect the organisations integrity and the journalist status. Thus, it would help them avoid libel suits. This could be illustrated by Tuchman 1972: 678 who concluded that â€Å"objectivity used defensively as a strategic ritual. Objectivity refers to routine procedures which may be exemplified as formal attributes and to protect the professional from mistakes and from his critics†. And for the fact that journalist have to follow these set guidelines means objectivity in the news is a strategic ritual, as it means that these journalist have no choice, thus they cannot go against it as they would most probably lose their job Furthermore, if journalists do not provide objective news as they could, then the public would most probably not think journalism is a serious and professional job. Thus no one would see them as trustworthy. Thus it is their duty to provide the public with objective news. This can then be said that objectivity in the news is not a strategic ritual, as they have no choice but to provide non biased news so as to inform the public. Bibliography Bennet, W. L. (2007) News: The Politics of Illusion, New York: Longman, Pearson Cohen, S. Young, J. ( ) The Manufacture of News, London: Macmillan. Dahlgren, P. Sparks, C. (1992) Journalism and Popular Culture: London, SAGE Publications. Galtung, J. Ruge, M. (1981) ‘Structuring and Selecting News, in S. Cohen J. Young (eds) The Manufacture of News, London: Macmillan Gans, H. (1979) Deciding whats News. A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nigthly News, Newsweek and Time. New York: Random House Harcup, T. (2009) Journalism: Principles and Practice. London, SAGE Publications Kuklinski, J. H. Sigelman, L. (1992) ‘When Objectivity is not objective: Network T.V News Coverage of US Senators and the â€Å"Paradox of Objectivity† in Journal of Politics, 54 (3) Shoemaker, P. Reese, S. (1996) Mediating The message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. (2nd ed.), London: Longman. Schudson, M. (2003) The Sociology of News. New York: United States of America. Tuchman, G. (1972) Objectivity as Strategic Ritual: An examination of Newsmens notion of Objectivity in American Journal of Sociology, 77: 660-67

Financing Transport Projects Essay -- essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites The role of government in facilitating transport projects is inevitable. But governments are monopolists and largely cannot be trusted with the efficient allocation of resources, not to mention the problem of corruption. So, the less the state is involved the better off everyone is. Transport has gone a full circle. Until the beginning of the 17th century it was largely privately financed. The state took over until the last two decades of the twentieth century. And now there is a revival of the involvement of the private sector in financing infrastructure. Additionally, transport has become a commodity and is securitized, as we shall see. All social (or public) goods carry social costs and bring on negative externalities (such as environmental damage). Embedded in every public good there is a moral hazard - others bear a disproportionate part of the costs while the perpetrators go "free". This is why accurate statistics, forecasting and cost benefit analysis systems are a must. I am not talking only about cost coverage calculations but also about finding ways to impose on the users of transport infrastructure the real costs of their actions. This is known today as "user pays" charging schemes. But to do so, the state needs to know what ARE these costs. This is one way of forcing the private sector to participate in t...

Web Conferencing Programs Research Memo

In our meeting last week we discussed moving to different Web Conferencing software in an effort to become more user friendly to our remote users, and to enable cost savings in our telecom and IT infrastructure. I undertook the assignment to research the available software solutions and have found one that I believe will allow our company to achieve the objectives set forth during our meeting. During my research I came upon four different programs that I thought would meet our criteria. I will explain which one I believed was the superior choice and then explain what led me to that conclusion. I have included a table listing the top four in the reference pageThe software that I believed was the best fit for us is Netviewer Meet 6. 0. My criteria that my decision was based on were: Features, Usability, Security, Support, Price and Trial availability. I will explain my choice based on two of them, features and price. Feature wise almost all of the four under consideration had, for the most part the same features between them. The Online Meeting Tools Review (n. d) website indicated a that Netview Meet 6. had by far the best set of features that could be found in one program, based on the chart given on that websites page titled â€Å"Functions and Features of the 5 best web conferencing services†. Some of those features were that it allowed for desktop and selected application access as well as the ability to change presenters instantly and to be able to transfer mouse and keyboard control as well as a being user friendly with †w ide-ranging options that can be hidden and revealed using the profile manager† (Online Meeting Tools Review website, n. ). The price on the service was a key factor in leading to my decision as well. It has a monthly subscription fee of $49 per month which allows for 100 participants which was the best price per user from a cost standpoint. Also there is no need to purchase additional hardware or reconfigure firewalls and proxy settings as it supports most current configurations. By utilizing Netview Meet 6. 0 our department can enable more efficient remote collaboration thru more advanced web conferencing software.

Dolls House an Madea Comparrison Essay

Like men, women have always played a specific role in society. Depending on the perspective of the viewer, one may say that the role woman have should change dramatically. In Ibsen’s play, A Doll House, legendary Greek playwright Euripides’ play, Medea and Eavan Boland’s poem â€Å"A Woman’s World,† the idea of a â€Å"woman’s place† and the appropriate conception of a â€Å"Woman’s World† is challenged. In all of these pieces of literature, women are faced with inevitable misogyny and unjustified predetermined inferences of character. Both Ibsen’s and Euripides’ pieces have these women challenging the idea of what their roles in society should be. In Medea the hatred used to strive for equality or revenge for being forced to accept the role of a woman is far more extreme than Ibsen’s Nora who takes on a more subtle approach is searching for self-worth, respect and equality. In â€Å"A Woman’s World† Boland’s message is used to show women their fault in accepting this overly domestic role in society. Bolan is trying to show woman to be more determined to find personal success, rather than simply living vicariously through the success of their husbands. In this poem the author urges women to search for equality and respect in love and society, just like the Nora and Medea in their stories. In A Doll House equality is eventually seen as a necessity for Nora’s love with Torvald. It’s the only thing that could keep hope for their marriage. When Nora’s finally realizes her potential as a woman, or rather a human being, her husband is shocked at her new frame of mind, and Nora is forced to leave him. Nora’s epiphany for a better life for herself is something the Boland is trying to give to her readers. â€Å"Our way of life has hardly changed since a wheel first whetted a knife. Well, maybe flame burns more greedily and wheels are steadier but we’re the same. † In this quote Boland explains that since the very beginning, even dating back to a nomadic period a woman’s role has essentially remained the same. Throughout the changes and advances in technology and what should be â€Å"society† the role of a woman has not changed dramatically enough. With the exceptions of a couple tweaks here and there, the frustration with society and there conception of â€Å"woman† continues. Nora standing up for herself was the reaction that Boland intended with â€Å"A Woman’s World. † Medea is also on the search for something in her story. To achieve equality and fairness soon becomes her feat. Of course with a different source of inspiration than Ibsen’s Nora, Medea has her â€Å"fun† with a misogynistic society and ex-lover. Thinking that he is giving her sound and helpful advice, Jason shares his view on a woman’s worth in the great scheme of life. Telling Medea that the only useful and profound impact women really have in life is to bare the children of the men of society. Aside from the betrayal of Jason, the dominant role the male gender has granted themselves became an added factor the Medea’s scorn as well as the extremities in her actions. Eventually killing her 2 male children, a vengeful woman becomes a cynical, and in that time ironically powerful woman. With the power to obtain the approval of the gods of her heinous and selfish actions, Medea takes away so much from Jason; his children, his heir to his success, and ultimately his legend. Although villainous, Medea snatches power away from the male gender and molds fate in her favor. Euripides’ play portrays an unstable but incredibly powerful and able woman, someone Boland is trying to prove to woman they can easily be, not including the instability. The tone of Boland’s poem shows frustration with the female genders acceptance of there â€Å"place† and the male dominance plaguing society. She’s no fire-eater, just my frosty neighbor coming home† she explains how women aren’t confrontational creatures screaming for their rightful place in society, they seem to stay quiet, cynical, and accepting until they just don’t anymore, until they are brought to their boiling point. Like Nora and Medea, Boland’s hope and intent with writing and sharing the poem is that all women will reach their boiling point and fight for the rightful place in society, less like Medea and more like Nora, but fight for respect as a woman.

The World Is Full Of Lies Essays - Deception, Lie, Food Lion

The World Is Full Of Lies Essays - Deception, Lie, Food Lion The World Is Full Of Lies The world is full of lies. In fact, we experience them on an everyday basis. In every film we watch we are fooled into believing that the pictures on the screen are moving, but in actuallity they are just still shots placed together at 24 frames per second. Television and the media (news) seem to be the biggest carries of the lying virus. ABC was one of the unlucky few to have been caught. Their name was dragged through the mudd along with Food Lion, in a case which poses many ethical questions. Because of commercial advertisements, television news has been forced to resort to lie tactics in order create stories that shock viewers into watching. News has become nothing more than factual ENTERTAINMENT. For example, ABCs news program Primetime Live did a feature story on the South Carolina based Food Lion, which stated that the grocery chain was selling tainted meat, cheese that had been nawed upon by rats, produce which was taken from the dumpster, and fish which had been bleached in order to return the natural white color; however, ABC used trickery in order to obtain the package. The lead was originally developed from a friend of segment producer Lynne Dale. The friend was the UFCW (United Food and Commercial Workers Union) spokesman Neal Lattimore. The information was supplied through a group who served as a middle man. ABC went to a Food Lion armed with hidden cameras in order to obtain some initial evidence. Second, ABC sent three employees Lynne Dale, Susan Barnett, and an Photographer to apply for jobs using forged references, supplied by UFCW. Here is the err with ABC. Their use of false information directly infringes upon a companies trust with employees, furthermore, many applications require a signature that bonds all information to the employee. Their second mistake was using information supplied by a union who according to Marc Gunther and Henry Goldblatt was already at arms with Food Lion, because of their persistance to remain NON union. The question that arises, does this justify ABC to lie in order to prove someone elses lie? Sissela Bok would suggest that such practices would be correct if in the interest of the public. To Bok lies can be justified by the cognitive awareness of truth but in order to achieve such aware ness one must seek truthful alternatives (31). She writes: If lies and truthful statements appear to achieve the same result or appear to be as desirable to t he person contemplating lying the lies should be ruled out. And only where a lie is a last resort can one even begin to consider whether or not it is morally justified. (31). She also infers that lying in regards to moral justification can not be exclusive. Such information has to be capable of being made public. We should always balance the consequences with the truth as our parents once taught us too. She describes paternal/maternal lying as justifyable if it someway helps to prevent the child from being injured. Such lies are created in order to PROTECT the innocent. Her stand becomes redundantly clear in Lying. Lies CAN be justified if the need, outweighs the consequences, but by no means however, does she agree with lying, in fact she appauls it. I hope to have shown how often the justifications they invoke are insubstantial, and how they can disguise and fuel all other wrongs. Trust and integrity are precious resourses, easily squandered, hard to regain (248). As aforementioned, Bok would suggest that such lying is justifiable in order to save a life; however, I find that ABC was surely more interested with ratings as opposed to public care, although their image would suggest it. Modern news is a huge publicity battle. Whomever produces the better LIFE SAVING snippit wins the advertising. ABCs approach by no means justifies there actions. They chose not to sample the foods and run quality control checks on them, nor did they research the health boards recent ratings. Instead they entered into the situation lie first. Bok states that moral justification cannot be exclusive, it has to be made public, none of which ABC did. The information and package were filmed in Spring

Free Essays on Would You Rather Be Deaf Or Blind

and viewing her in all of her beauty? Most of the people in this world have been blessed, blessed in ways they don’t even know. Blessed to have 5 senses and to feel in place, which is hard to feel if you have never felt ‘out’ of place. Only a few people in this world know what it feels like to not be able to hear moments of passion, excitement or laughter. Still fewer know what it is like to never have seen the three major colors, a rainbow, or have had the opportunity to form an opinion of beauty. Little Johnny was such a sweet baby. He looked around with his big eyes staring at things that intrigued him for seconds at a time. It wasn’t often that he cried, in fact, his parents didn’t recall many times of Johnny crying. Such a sweet boy, never a nuisance in the middle of night, only with the normal â€Å"problems† a child usually has in the middle of the night, only they never bother Johnny enough to cry. Johnny’s parents read to him every night, although it appeared that Johnny never paid too much attention to the stories they read. Now, a year later the parents plan their son’s first birthday party. At the party the young boy seemed very distracted, he didn’t react to singing or the noise makers like the other young guests at the party. It was at this point Johnny’s parents decided to take him to the doctor for a major checkup. The diagnosis was very hard for the family. Johnny w... Free Essays on Would You Rather Be Deaf Or Blind Free Essays on Would You Rather Be Deaf Or Blind Would you rather be born deaf or blind? As she whispers in your ear it tickles, but you know it’s a passionate moment so you don’t laugh, instead you return the favor and whisper â€Å"I love you† in their ear. A little while later, your loved one decides to slip into your anniversary gift, a silky material that seems to enhance every part, every movement of her body. Which of these could you bare to do without, hearing passionate exchanges between you and your partner, or seeing their reactions to your words and viewing her in all of her beauty? Most of the people in this world have been blessed, blessed in ways they don’t even know. Blessed to have 5 senses and to feel in place, which is hard to feel if you have never felt ‘out’ of place. Only a few people in this world know what it feels like to not be able to hear moments of passion, excitement or laughter. Still fewer know what it is like to never have seen the three major colors, a rainbow, or have had the opportunity to form an opinion of beauty. Little Johnny was such a sweet baby. He looked around with his big eyes staring at things that intrigued him for seconds at a time. It wasn’t often that he cried, in fact, his parents didn’t recall many times of Johnny crying. Such a sweet boy, never a nuisance in the middle of night, only with the normal â€Å"problems† a child usually has in the middle of the night, only they never bother Johnny enough to cry. Johnny’s parents read to him every night, although it appeared that Johnny never paid too much attention to the stories they read. Now, a year later the parents plan their son’s first birthday party. At the party the young boy seemed very distracted, he didn’t react to singing or the noise makers like the other young guests at the party. It was at this point Johnny’s parents decided to take him to the doctor for a major checkup. The diagnosis was very hard for the family. Johnny w...

6 University Jobs That Will Boost Your Resume

6 University Jobs That Will Boost Your Resume 6 University Jobs That Will Boost Your Resume There is a bit of a misconception that university jobs are only available for students who gain employment through work study, or graduate students who become TAs. In reality, there are a variety of on campus jobs available to anybody who chooses to apply, that can be a great addition to a student’s resume. If you want to   get an on campus job that earns you serious job consideration down the road, take a look at the following positions. 1.  College Radio Station Personality If your college campus is home to a radio station, you have probably enjoyed listening to that radio station, or maybe attending some of the concerts your college radio station has promoted. Maybe you have even fantasized about going on air or being behind the scenes. Here is some good news. You can do these things, even if you aren’t a part of the Mass Comm or radio broadcasting school. If you have an idea for a radio, or some extra time, let that be known. You might just get hooked up with a show of your own. Your college radio station might have jobs in production, advertising and more. You don’t need to be a part of the broadcasting or Mass Comm program either. 2.  College Newspaper Journalist Most colleges have at least one student run newspaper, if not more. What you may not know is that they are frequently hiring people to work as journalists, columnists, assistant editors and more. If you enjoy writing, and have an interest in sports, entertainment, campus life, or news and politics, consider putting in an application. You’ll meet some great people and earn money doing something you enjoy. 3. Resident Assistant This may not seem like a fun job at first. After all, who wants to be the person in the dorm rooms that breaks up loud parties and enforces other rules? However, if you have the ability to get along with others and be a bit of a diplomat, RA is not a bad position to hold. You’ll save money on your own tuition and fees, and you will pick up people skills that will serve you very well in the future. 4.  Financial Aid Clerk There are frequently many jobs available in the financial aid office. Student workers are needed for data entry, assisting people with applications, manning phones, and dealing with paperwork. If you have aspirations of working in the finance industry, customer service, or in any business setting, this job might be perfect for you. You will also develop specialized computer skills that may make you more appealing than job applicants who are not experienced with office applications. 5.  Dining Hall Employee This is hard, busy, fast paced work that isn’t suited for people who aren’t used to being active and on their feet for long periods of time. However, if you have the stamina for it, this is a great job to have. First, you’ll almost certainly eat for free, whether that’s an official or unofficial benefit. You will also learn culinary skills, customer service skills, cash handling, and to deal with purchasing, receivables, and inventory. All of these are great practical skills to have when you are trying to land that first entry level job post graduation. 6.  Maintenance Assistant If you are an engineering student or in any other field that will involve mechanics, construction, or electricity, consider putting in an application with your school’s maintenance department. They often hire student workers to assist with repairs around the college campus. In any given day, you might paint, help troubleshoot and solve electrical problems, and assist with HVAC repairs. The result of all of this is that you will have a few impressive technical skills to add to your resume. If you are not sure where to begin, ask your advisor. He or she will be able to tell you who to speak with about on campus jobs. If you qualify for work study, your financial aid office will be able to help you find the best on campus job for you.

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

Nursing research - Essay Example In this case, an organization’s leadership acted as a barrier to successful implementation by failing to provide support to the implementation process (Bostrom et al.). An organization setting may fail to provide essential collaborative efforts between the staff, physicians, and colleagues in a hospital setting, which acts as a barrier to successful implementation of a proposal (Bostrom et al.). In effect, stakeholders working to implement the proposal will have varying objectives and goals that do not contribute to successful implementation. On the other hand, an organization may fail to have expertise that is necessary to implement the research utilization proposal (Bostrom et al.). In addition, the organization may fail to train their staff on the importance of the proposal and the approaches to implement the proposal in order to ensure provision of quality care. In this case, the lack of expertise and the failure to train staff members act as barriers to successful implementation. Finally, an organization may fail to allocate enough resources to the implementation of the research utilization proposal, which will act as a barrier to successful i mplementation. utilization and research use among registered nurses working in the care of older people: Does the BARRIERS Scale discriminate between research users and non-research users on perceptions of barriers? Implement Science 3.24(2008). Web. 7 January 2013.

Play with Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and Abigil Adams Essay

Play with Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and Abigil Adams - Essay Example At any rate, I am an American, as are many of you. We’re here today talk about America, world events, and to get the impressions and thoughts and ideas of people who are historically significant to America. On my right, is one of those historically significant people, Samuel Adams. Thank you, and thank ye all for that warm welcome. I am humbled. And knowing what I do about modern day round tables, I have to admit that I was just a little bit reluctant to be here, but I have reconciled myself that it is a good thing. A necessary thing. Thank you, Mr. Adams. We are all certainly glad for your decision to be here. Seated to my left is the former First Lady, Abigail Adams, wife of the second president of the United States, John Adams. Mrs. Adams, welcome, and I want to thank you for agreeing to be here today. Mrs. Adams, you’re probably even better known for your writing of letters during the American Revolutionary War; they stand out as both great writing in American history, and as one of the earliest collection of thoughts on women’s rights. And we’ll talk with you a little more about that in a few minutes here. But, again, thank you for joining us. And seated in the middle, between Mrs. Adams and Mr. Adams, is Alexander Hamilton. Mr. Hamilton might best be known for his duel with Aaron Burr, during which he was mortally wounded; but before that, he served with the Continental Congress militia under General George Washington, and later served in the president’s cabinet. An accomplished lawyer, and a signature on the United States Constitution. Welcome, Mr. Hamilton. Not a chance, haven’t you heard, you’re emancipated? Good Gawd, woman, have you seen what they’re wearing these days? There you sit buttoned up to the neck, and you was the one that started all this stuff. Are you a material girl? That’s untrue, Alex. I advocated for women’s rights, not women’s

Talking Styles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Talking Styles - Assignment Example A conversation between two people and the choice of words they use determines what their relationships look like. People who are strangers may not have the same conversation compared to those who are dating. People who are dating have a rather close relationship and this is replicated in their conversation. In this regard, language style matching captures the responses from the two people and gives a verdict based on the respective conversations (Adler, 2014). Â  Language style matching is an essential tool that only relies on the very conversation. It does not depend on other external entities to have a conclusion. The matching style tool is, therefore, accurate to the point where it is used to analyze the conversations between two people. In essence, the verdict given by the matching tool is very much dependent only on the conversation. While the nature of the conversation is the critical aspect of it, one cannot independently verify the thoughts and meaning behind every conversation. However, to the extent where the language matching style determines the accuracy of two individuals in a conversation, the results are very accurate (McCarthy, 2012). Â  Language style matching to some extent is accurate in determining the quality of interpersonal relationships. However, it cannot be very accurate in predicting the quality of the conversation. Interpersonal relationships depend on a lot of elements in determining the value of the relationship between two people. While it is true that the language style matching style is very effective in determining the meaning behind every conversation, being used to determine the accuracy in an interpersonal relationship cannot be guaranteed. A conversation between two people may have a lot of meaning and importance. Some people could be very sincere in their conversation while others may not be as sincere (Adler, 2014). Â  

Early christians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Early christians - Essay Example The creation of Islamic territories through the expansion of the Arab Empire enhanced the rapid spread of the Islam globally (Goddard, 1995). The region spoke a single language with the Arab missionaries enhancing the spread of both the Arab language and the culture, Sufis who were among the main missionaries in the religion interacted with the local population thereby teaching them about the faith. The spread of the Ottoman Empire coupled with the infusion of Islam in economic activities enhanced the rapid spread of the religion. In short, Islam spread rapidly since it occurred holistically. The spread of the Arab empire introduced new economic systems in the region. As the people engaged in trading, they traded the Islamic values. Such was not the case with Christianity. Christianity coexisted with secular states and remained limited to particular dictates of the faith. Furthermore, some dictates of the religion subjected the people to exploitation thereby causing major resistance to the spread of the faith and later enhanced the formation of the

Boeing, Corporate Welfare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Boeing, Corporate Welfare - Research Paper Example Despite of increasing national debt of $6 trillion, big profitable corporations like IBM, Motorola, General Electric, AT&T, FedEx, Lucent Technologies, United Technologies, Raytheon, General Motors, Mobil Oil, Enron, Halliburton and Boeing continued to receive corporate welfare (Barlett and Steele, 1998; Sanders, 2013, Welfareinfo, 2013; Slivinski, 2007). Half of the financial backing from Export-Import bank (EXIM bank), about 45.6 percent is consistently received by Boeing making it the largest receiver; in 2011 alone it received $40.7 billion as loan guarantees (De Rugy, 2012; Welfareinfo, 2013). In the present essay, critical evaluation of the issues concerning Boeing and corporate welfare is carried out. First it is defined for better understanding the term, then justification and motives behind corporate welfare are analyzed, followed by examining the degree of corporate welfare received by Boeing and its justification. The other aims of this essay are to know whether the people who pay the costs of corporate welfare necessarily reap the benefits and the case with Boeing. This essay also puts light on corporate welfare consistency with the advocacy of free markets and non-interference by government and what ultimately, crates fobs, prosperity, and rising in incomes and the difference in perspectives and evaluation of corporate welfare at the local, national and international level. 2. Corporate Welfare Definition expend Corporate welfare refers to all the expenditures by the government towards direct and indirect subsidies provided to private sector and businesses. Corporate welfare can be defined as â€Å"any federal spending program that provides payments or unique benefits and advantages to specific companies or industries† (Slivinski, 2007, p.1). The separate definitions of the two terms helps in understanding it better, welfare according to dictionary.com (2013, Para: 5) is â€Å"receiving financial aid from the government or from a private or ganization because of hardship and need†. And corporate welfare is nothing but â€Å"welfare for businesses usually given to big corporations† (Collins, 2009, Para: 2). Time magazine in its special coverage defines Corporate welfare â€Å"as any action by local, state or federal government that gives a corporation or an entire industry a benefit not offered to others† (Barlett and Steel, 1998, Para:4). However in US corporate welfare system is very complicated and extensive. Its aim is not to improve standard of living or poverty prevention unlike the welfare provided to individuals, this and its expanse of interests makes it a very controversial and debatable issue because a single congressional committee cannot monitor or control it (Welfare info, 2013). Corporate welfare can be in the form of subsidies, grants, aids, real estate, loans with low-interest rate, tax break, deferral, exemption, deduction, lower tax or a government service (Barlett and Steele, 1998 ). 3. Justifications for

Civil Litigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Civil Litigation - Essay Example It saves the aggrieved party of waiting for a long trial before gaining any compensation and also saves the defendant from inflated costs in case the ruling is to their disadvantage. In this case, the material facts are: 1. The motorcyclist suffered personal injuries by sustaining whiplash, a broken leg and a broken nose. 2. You do not have valid insurance to drive the car involved in the accident. 3. You have already been charged in a court of law for careless driving. It is also important to recognize that having been found guilty of careless driving, the court must have upheld one or more of the following elements of the provisions of Road Traffic Act 1988 Section 3: 1. If a person drives a mechanically propelled vehicle on a road or other public place without due care and attention, or without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place, he is guilty of an offence. 2. A person is to be regarded as driving without due care and attention specifically if he fa ils o exhibit competence and care. 3. In order to determine the purposes of what shall constitute subsection (2) above of what would be expected of a careful and competent driver in a particular case, regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused. 4. Other persons must be inconvenienced by the driving of a person for that person is to be regarded as driving without reasonable consideration for other persons. Procedure for Pre-action Protocol for Personal Injury Claims. 1. Early Notification The guidelines allow for a early notification of intent to file a claim to the defendant as soon as the legal representative feel that a personal injury claim is to be pursued. In your case, the letter from Mr Donnels’ Solicitors (A& T) amounts to early notification according to the guidelines. The early notification does not necessary have to be detailed as th e costs of the claim may not be crystal clear at this stage. However, you are not under any obligation to respond to this notification as it does not start the timetable for responding. At this stage, it would be wise to explore the likelihood of having to pay any legal claims that may arise relating to the personal injuries suffered by Mr. Donells. The possibilities at this stage is that the solicitors representing Mr. Donells are in all likelihood going to pursue personal injury claims against you and therefore early preparation is essential. 2. Letter of Claim If the solicitors for Mr Daniells choose to pursue personal injury claims, the next course of action will be sending you a letter of claim. The letter of claim is usually sent to the client’s insure for cases involving road accidents. However, the facts point out that you did not to enable you drive as at the occurrence of the accident. This means that the claim will be solely directly at you and you will be responsi ble for any financial interests arising from the claims. The letter of claim provides sufficient information for the defendant to assess the liability. Usually, it will include the full details of the hospital where the claimant was treated. This information is important in its entirety to help you estimate the size of the claim. The letter of claim that may be issued should have a clear summary of facts of the accident indicating the nature of injuries

Boeing, Corporate Welfare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Boeing, Corporate Welfare - Research Paper Example Despite of increasing national debt of $6 trillion, big profitable corporations like IBM, Motorola, General Electric, AT&T, FedEx, Lucent Technologies, United Technologies, Raytheon, General Motors, Mobil Oil, Enron, Halliburton and Boeing continued to receive corporate welfare (Barlett and Steele, 1998; Sanders, 2013, Welfareinfo, 2013; Slivinski, 2007). Half of the financial backing from Export-Import bank (EXIM bank), about 45.6 percent is consistently received by Boeing making it the largest receiver; in 2011 alone it received $40.7 billion as loan guarantees (De Rugy, 2012; Welfareinfo, 2013). In the present essay, critical evaluation of the issues concerning Boeing and corporate welfare is carried out. First it is defined for better understanding the term, then justification and motives behind corporate welfare are analyzed, followed by examining the degree of corporate welfare received by Boeing and its justification. The other aims of this essay are to know whether the people who pay the costs of corporate welfare necessarily reap the benefits and the case with Boeing. This essay also puts light on corporate welfare consistency with the advocacy of free markets and non-interference by government and what ultimately, crates fobs, prosperity, and rising in incomes and the difference in perspectives and evaluation of corporate welfare at the local, national and international level. 2. Corporate Welfare Definition expend Corporate welfare refers to all the expenditures by the government towards direct and indirect subsidies provided to private sector and businesses. Corporate welfare can be defined as â€Å"any federal spending program that provides payments or unique benefits and advantages to specific companies or industries† (Slivinski, 2007, p.1). The separate definitions of the two terms helps in understanding it better, welfare according to dictionary.com (2013, Para: 5) is â€Å"receiving financial aid from the government or from a private or ganization because of hardship and need†. And corporate welfare is nothing but â€Å"welfare for businesses usually given to big corporations† (Collins, 2009, Para: 2). Time magazine in its special coverage defines Corporate welfare â€Å"as any action by local, state or federal government that gives a corporation or an entire industry a benefit not offered to others† (Barlett and Steel, 1998, Para:4). However in US corporate welfare system is very complicated and extensive. Its aim is not to improve standard of living or poverty prevention unlike the welfare provided to individuals, this and its expanse of interests makes it a very controversial and debatable issue because a single congressional committee cannot monitor or control it (Welfare info, 2013). Corporate welfare can be in the form of subsidies, grants, aids, real estate, loans with low-interest rate, tax break, deferral, exemption, deduction, lower tax or a government service (Barlett and Steele, 1998 ). 3. Justifications for

The Case of the Test Market Toss-up Essay Example for Free

The Case of the Test Market Toss-up Essay In this case, the top management put the new frozen dessert Sweet Dream on ice; however, the product manager felt it was not a correct decision and tried to persuade the top managers to reconsider. The company of Paradise Foods didn’t realize the threat on LaTreat and the opportunities on Sweet Dream. They didn’t embrace the concept of using analytical marketing research based on computer technologies as the premise of the right decision. The issues are: 1. The research data on Sweet Dream seemed to steal the share from LaTreat. 2.  The top managers didn’t really understand the meaning of the analytical numbers which Bill got from the marketing research and only considered that the return was low so that decided to stop Sweet Dream and try another new concept. 3. The company didn’t recognize the threat on LaTreat and the chance of Sweet Dream; Bill has cleared up the data that the sales of LaTreat was only on promotion and was interested in persuading the committee to continue Sweet Dream. The company should put the position of LaTreat in perspective and distinguish the different positioning of LaTreat and Sweet Dream. According to the â€Å"Product Life Cycle†, LaTreat has already been in the area of maturation and the company should launch a new product or exploit a new market to make more profit. Moreover, the company should adjust the promotion of LaTreat in case that the strategy of lower prices would ruin the value of the brand. In contrast, the product manager should do a simple and easy understanding report to the top managers because of the communications difficulties and related misunderstandings. LaTreat was the first â€Å"super premium† in the Paradise Foods’ history. As more and more new entrants enter the frozen specialties market, the competition has stiffened. The demand of LaTreat is getting saturation, so the market needs another new product, or the sales would be down sooner or later. The 18 months trial of Sweet Dream has gotten a considerable data that Sweet Dream would be a promising product. If Paradise Foods cuts down this new product, other companies will take over it and make it a significant profit which will take the share of Paradise Foods. LaTreat and Sweet Dream were different products that the ingredients and functions are different. Although there was some shifting from LaTreat to Sweet Dream, the two products are not the cannibalization that if Sweet Dream is facing to the present market which would be the product development strategy or if it is facing to the new market which would be the diversification strategy. Besides, the company had used the inappropriate promotion which brought the customers into the price-sensitive types that would decrease the value of brand and the loyalists. Paradise Foods has used the advanced computer-based research services to do the marketing analysis of Sweet Dream and it also has planned two different areas with different advertising and promotion strategies. However, the Sweet Dream product manager, Bill has made a complex report in 40 pages which has lead to the little interest and patience for the top managers to read and understand; and the committee only see that Sweet Dream didn’t produce the revenues they want. Furthermore, Bill hasn’t analyzed the situation of LaTreat at the beginning which would make the top managers recognize the threat of LaTreat and support the necessary and feasibility of the new product. Besides, if the company wants to try another concept of the new product, it will take more time than Sweet Dream which will let another competitor win the first chance. In addition, the promotion in LaTreat has made it be a price-sensitive product and the company has kept the profits and sales by shifting print and TV money into coupons and rebates which was not a long-term strategy. There are two alternatives to deal with this case. One alternative is to accept the decision made by the top management: shut down Sweet Dream, try another new concept and adjust the promotion strategy of LaTreat. Changing the promotion of LaTreat would make the product life cycle longer in order to keep it in making profits. However, trying another new concept will take a long time to realize and it has the indeterminate potential risk to success or failure. Besides, the time is also another key to be successful that the longer it takes, the more risk it will be defeated. The other alternative is to make another report combined with the analytical research of LaTreat in an easy understanding way in order to make sure the top managers know what the numbers mean and do the best to persuasive the top managers to reconsider. Because it did well in Midland and Pittsfield and it just needs some adjustments that will be successful. Moreover, it saves time and start another profit line in Paradise Foods. The company should choose the latter alternative. Sweet Dream is not a totally failure and it did well in Midland and Pittsfield. In contrast, LaTreat is tiring out and is only surviving on promotions; in addition, the loyalists of LaTreat were shrinking. LaTreat is a weakening brand; while, sweet dream would be a strong brand if it is allowed to survive. The company can take three steps to measure the success of Sweet Dream. First of all, it should meet the hurdle rate within six months. Moreover, it should take some proportion of Paradise Foods and also reach the level which can be compared with the level of LaTreat’s profits. Finally, the proportion of Sweet Dream and LaTreat has been changed that Sweet Dream makes more profits than LaTreat.

Sustainable Living In The 21st Century Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable Living In The 21st Century Environmental Sciences Essay Sustainable living is about a lifestyle that reduces an individuals or societys use of global natural resources (Ainoa et al. 2009). For sustainable living, we should conduct our lives in ways that are consistent with the core principles of sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of humanitys symbiotic relationship with the Earths natural ecology and biological cycles (CELL, 2010?). Such a living style requires that we make serious attempts to reduce our carbon footprint by altering diet, energy consumption and transportation methods (Winter, 2007). Brown () has described sustainable living in the 21st century as shifting to a renewable energy-based, reuse/recycle economy with a diversified transport system. It is generally recognized that education is the most important factor in improving the quality of life and for enhancing opportunities for individual development. However, it has only recently been realized that education is the decisive factor in addressing the present crisis related to environmental instability. The extent of the global environmental degradation crisis has only come into focus because of the multiple and repeated alarms being raised over the effects of climate change. However, addressing the multiple threats to the sustainability of humanity within the 21st century is an enormous challenge involving educating and re-educating people on a multitude of complex and inter-related concepts. Education must have a dominant role in moving towards sustainable living since it is the single most important factor in improving the quality of life. Science education is essential in achieving social development through environmental awareness. Education must be the advocate for environmental sustainability being a moral obligation for all. Moving towards environmental sustainability involves educating communities on the intensity of present environmental degradation and motivating them to reduce their ecological footprint based on acquired knowledge and experience. Higher education is particularly relevant to solving the crisis of climate change (Hales, 2008). It is timely that higher education should focus on science and engineering for the development of new technologies for conservation of water and energy supplied and teach communities how to live and work sustainably. Specially structured educational programs are needed. These should be multidisciplinary to cover all aspects that relate to sustainable living, must holistically address the total energy, water and carbon footprints of lifestyle choices, and explain how these choices, decisions and behaviours affect natural resources, social equity and economic development. Further, extension programs mu st act as models for others to follow and help communities walk the talk (Crosby et al., 2008). This chapter is an attempt to emphasize the most significant aspects of education associated with moving toward sustainability. What is sustainability? Sustainability has different meanings for different people and has only recently come into sharp focus following concerns on climate change and the consequences for sustainability of humanity. Unfortunately, the climate change debate has overshadowed the more important debate on the sustainability of the environment. Over the last two centuries, the environment has been seen as self-sustaining and a resource to be exploited and consumed. Only in recent decades has the environment been acknowledged as being seriously stressed and threatened, and in urgent need for conservation and regeneration. Despite the present widespread recognition of global environmental degradation being caused by human neglect, there is intense debate on how environmental conservation and regeneration can be achieved both now and in the future. This debate is frustrated by a lack of a pragmatic definition of sustainability, particularly in relation to sustainable environmental development. The much quoted Brundtlund Report definition published in 1987 was the first to link sustainable development to social responsibility: sustainable development means maintaining the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. However, the needs of the present generation are many and diverse and include food, water, energy and money among others. These needs have already exceeded the resources on which they depend and so the ability of future generations to meet their needs is already compromised. Following such a loose definition of sustainability, there has been continuing alarm on the disparity of the needs of the rich compared to those of the poor and on what should be sustained and priorities of sustaining. The reality is that present population growth, exotic lifestyles and excessive consumption of resources are not sustainable but to create sustainability remains an elusive objective. It is obvious that there is an urgent need to move towards sustainability based on major changes to the present dominant social and community values. The extreme dedication of communities to consume resources must change to conservation of resources coupled with wealth accumulation changing to wealth distribution to assist in closing the gap between the haves and have-nots. Hence, sustainability should be driven by people power. Sustainability also implies changes of attitude and emphasis on perceptions of the meaning of economic growth. This has long been associated with increased trade and industrial development which have produced a downward spiral of increased poverty and progressive environmental degradation. Economic growth has to be measured in terms of meeting the essential needs of humanity without enhancing environmental degradation together with greater equity in the distribution of economic benefits. Social justice is a crucial component of sustainability. Sustainability is primarily dependent on the preservation of the diverse and complex ecosystems which make up the global ecosphere. These fragile systems are under unprecedented stress as a consequence of the relentless demands for cleared land for housing and industry, the increasing demands for fossil fuels for energy generation and the burgeoning demand for food from grain crops and for fish from the oceans. It is only because of the comparatively recent alarm bells sounded by the onslaught of climate change that irreversible environmental degradation has been fully recognized and appreciated but alas, not fully understood. In order to emphasize the scale of degradation and its correlation with human impact, a new jargon has emerged that of ecological footprint which is a measure of the ecological capacity of individuals. At present, even the crudest estimates of ecological footprints indicate that the developed nations of the world are living beyond their ecological capacity and are thus living on borrowed time. Sustainability inevitably involves government at all levels and requires democratic revitalization to produce sustainable, accountable and equitable forms of capitalism which activate social reforms and promote ecological awareness. There is a common perception that technology will solve the sustainability issue but this is a misconception since although technology can assist moving towards sustainability, it is not the unilateral antidote. Further, achieving sustainability is not a quick fix phenomenon but a prolonged and uncertain journey involving dedicated commitment of people and resources. It is already clear that the rate of technological development in mitigating climate change is not consistent with the magnitude of problem. Put simply, to reduce carbon emissions means capturing carbon dioxide and diverting it from the atmosphere. These two operations need to be both technologically and economically feasible and require time consuming research coupled with innovative strategies to commercialize new scientific discoveries. Although a tangible definition of sustainability is elusive, it does have many facets all related to sustaining the environment as the top priority.   Thus, education for moving toward sustainability also has many facets which are best illustrated by the cluster chart shown in Figure 1 and a brief discussion of each component of this cluster follows. Fig. 1 Cluster diagram to describe the components of education associated with sustainability. Education for sustainable environments Sustaining humanity in the 21st century depends on sustaining the environment as the top priority so as to preserve its resources. In simple terms, preserving these resources means that sustainable consumable yields are provided but that the consumption rate does not exceed the regeneration rate. Similarly, non-renewable resources must be preserved which means that the consumption rate is balanced by the production rate of renewable resources. In conjunction with these balancing strategies, it is necessary to ensure that waste generation does not exceed the assimilation rate of the environment. Clearly the present crisis of acute and widespread environmental degradation is the result of these three factors being ignored over many decades. The environment in all its dimensions is degrading globally. Atmospheric pollution has been of major concern for many decades but has now reached new heights of concern following the widespread concern on the effects of climate change. The main cause of climate change is believed to be due to the excessive build up of carbon dioxide in the lower atmosphere caused mainly by the excessive combustion of fossil fuels for the production of energy. However, carbon dioxide is not the only known greenhouse gas, methane is also a potent heat storage gas along with water vapor. This fact alone is sufficient for much complacency within the climate change debate and poses additional challenges for climate change educators. Whether or not climate change is a reality is irrelevant in the context of environmental sustainability since all factors which disturb the equilibrium of the environment which has been established over millennia have to be considered and addressed. Loss of biodiversity from the land arises largely from habitat loss and fragmentation produced by overuse of land for development, forestry and agriculture. This is blatant conversion of natural capital to investment capital and although there has been widespread condemnation of destruction of the rain-forests of the world for decades,   the realities of such devastation are only now becoming fully apparent as are the effects of intensive agriculture which reduces soil quality at alarming rates. It is ironic that forests conserve biodiversity, preserve water and soil quality, provide a wide variety of products and, above all, produce atmospheric oxygen by photosynthesis and yet these provisions still have no tangible market value as compared with the economic benefits of logging and land clearing which directly increase atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.   Such are the challenges for sustainability education, since the mindsets of developers and economists clearly have to change and natural resources need to be priced sufficiently high to ensure their preservation. Similarly, water resources globally are at crisis point. Freshwater is essential for human life but at best, it is less than 5% of the global resource. Excessive use of freshwater supplies for irrigation has markedly affected the health of river systems mainly by reducing flow rates which in turn places stress on wetland systems. Further, natural flooding of river flood plains has been curtailed by the construction of dams and weirs which further control river flow rates and hence place severe stress on vital river ecosystem resources. It is again ironic that many of these aquatic ecosystems have been studied in detail over several decades but it is only comparatively recently that inter-dependence of these ecosystems has been appreciated and value of biodiversity as a realistic measure of environmental health realized. Further, the marine environment is also undergoing rapid degradation which is most apparent from the decline in the number of fish species as a result of over-fishing with the advent of trawl technology and unsustainable fishing practices. Although the recent increase in success of aquaculture has and will continue to address this imbalance, it is clear that more severe international statutory controls on fishing are required together with the implementation of sustainable fishing practices- both of which depend on international agreements and treaties which are difficult to achieve and implement. Education for sustainable economies The supreme challenge for sustainable living in the 21st century is to curb excessive consumption in the developed world whilst raising living standards in the developing world without a net increase in consumption of natural resources and environmental impact. Historically, living standards have correlated with economic growth and environmental degradation, and so moving towards sustainable living is at best challenging and at worst, impossible. Again, education is required to change the mindset on what constitutes a sustainable economy, firstly by understanding why present national economies are not sustainable. Contemporary economics is based on economic growth and efficient allocation of resources, and multiple strategies are put in place to achieve pre-determined economic objectives upon which the wealth of nations is based. Conversely, the so-called new economics or ecological economics is based on sustainable growth and fair and efficient distribution of resources. The first time that the latter became a reality rather than a theory was at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change summit when developing world nations argued very convincingly that the developed world should financially assist the developing world in reducing global green house gas emissions. The failure of the summit to reach a unilateral agreement on greenhouse gas emissions was largely due to a lack of agreement on the basic principle of wealth distribution which underwrites ecological economics. Conventional economics puts a price on natural resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, water and foodstuffs and these are regarded as the main drivers of national economies. However, equally important natural resources such as national parks, marine parks, wetlands, coral reefs, mangrove swamps and many others are regarded as economic externalities which need not be priced and therefore are ripe for exploitation, particularly through tourism. Ecological economics is based on realistic pricing of all natural resources which are subject to consumption by humans, either directly or indirectly and in addition, is committed to the belief that sustainable economics is based on a unilateral greening of industry such that manufacturing processes are energy and waste efficient, consume less resources and provide clean, safe working environments. Ecological economics is the fundamental platform of the emerging carbon economy. However, it is already evident that there is much opposition to a carbon tax and skepticism of the effectiveness of carbon emission trading schemes in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, so public education on the basic science and economics underpinning these schemes is obviously urgently required. Education for sustainable communities There is no doubt that the overwhelming threat to sustainability of humanity in the 21st century is that the present global population of about 6.8 billion is consuming 40% more resources that the Earth is producing per annum and so with a projected global population of 9 billion by 2050, 5.4 Earths worth of resources will be required to achieve human sustainability. Even to move towards sustainability on such a scale obviously requires a massive psyche change of humanity and   Ã‚  extreme urgency in the implementation of sustainable living practices. Building sustainable communities essentially involves people power but communities require educating in order to develop the knowledge, values and skills required for informed decision-making that will improve quality of life now without damaging the environment in the future. Achieving sustainable living is a journey of indefinite duration but with a clearly defined destination. It is a journey taken both by individuals and by communities simultaneously to the benefit of all. The foundation of sustainable communities is the development of sustainability literacy within communities which involves an understanding of the present imbalance between consumption and regeneration of essential natural resources energy, water and food. It is somewhat ironic and humbling to witness that the indigenous communities of the world have been far more sustainability literate over the last two centuries than the so-called modern communities over the last two decades. Sustainable communities are resilient communities which have changed life-style behavior and habits which depend on excessive consumerism to those which embrace waste reduction, reuse and recycle strategies all of which harmonize living standards with environmental demands. These changes take time to implement but result in community social well-being, strong economies and flourishing environments, the benefits of which become obvious to all. Sustainable communities vary enormously with respect to size and character but traditionally form two groups urban and rural. In the past, it has been much more difficult to sustain rural communities due largely to the one-way migration from country to town/city to obtain employment. However, this trend can be at least partially reversed with the wider implementation of eco-development which has been responsible for the so-called new urbanism philosophy but is only just becoming apparent in rural and regional centre infrastructure planning. Eco-development is based on a clean, green living philosophy which incorporates consumption of renewable energies, conservation of water and living off the land using smart ways to grow food. Sustainable literacy only becomes effective when communities understand and appreciate that sustainable living not only gives rise to better, healthier lifestyles but also is cost effective both in the short and long terms. By virtue of their sustainable lif e-styles, sustainable communities are resilient to the effects of climate change and are well suited to benefit from future carbon-based economies. Education for sustainable energy supplies Sustaining humanity in the 21st century requires sustaining energy resources and supplies which creates the dilemma which has become known as the global energy crisis. Coal, oil and natural gas combined provide about 80% of global energy needs mainly in the form of electricity and transport fuels but at the same time produce the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions which are believed to be responsible for global warming. It is estimated that global energy demand could jump by 50% by 2030, consistent with a global population increase of 1.5 billion over the next two decades and this translates to a global warming estimate of the order of 6oC if fossil fuels continue to be the primary energy resource.    An increase of 6oC corresponds to about 3 times the global warming which has occurred over the last century and would have catastrophic environmental, economic and social effects. It is this type of horror scenario which is driving the so-called global energy revolution which dictates that there has to be a move away from fossil fuels as the primary energy resource towards the use of clean green renewable energy resources. These are receiving increasing attention but all have significant technological, development, economic and ethical problems associated with them. The dilemma is that at present, all known renewable energy resources combined including nuclear, solar, wind and biofuels account for less than 10% of global energy requirements and although considerable technological advances are occurring with respect to the commercial development of renewable energy resources, this situation is unlikely to change significantly within the next decade. Similarly, efforts to reduce greenh ouse gas emissions from existing coal-fired power stations, collectively known as clean coal technology, are at least 10 -15 years away from commercial reality. It is conservatively estimated that fossil fuels will remain as the primary global energy resource for at least the next 30 50 years and that phasing out of existing coal-fired power stations will take at least 10 15 years. Thus, the energy crisis is essentially how are sustainable energy supplies to be provided exclusively from renewable energy resources over the next half century? Although, it is generally agreed that the transition to renewable energy resources is inevitable, the time scale for such a transition is very unclear since there are not only major technological problems to be overcome but also major social and economic issues to be addressed along the way which involve significant educational strategies to be unilaterally implemented. Given that it is already abundantly clear that we live by an energy economy it is unlikely that the extra costs associated with abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion coupled with the costs of developing alternatives to fossil fuels will be readily accepted by communities, given that the present escalating costs of electricity and transport fuels are a source of despair globally. Then there are ethical issues to be resolved in the transition to clean energy resources. It has been extensively argued that nuclear power is the only realistic alternative to coal and oil as a primary energy resource but the general population is very concerned about the degree of fail-safe operation of nuclear power stations and is very concerned about safe disposal of nuclear waste. Similarly, biofuels which rely on food crops such as corn products as the primary energy resource are competing with the desperate need to increase grain production globally to address malnutrition in some 23% of the global population. It is clear that the global energy revolution will only succeed if viable education strategies are introduced and available to the general population which address the widespread lack of understanding of climate change and, in particular, its causes and also address the pros and cons of renewable energy resources. The immediate future has to involve a blend of old and new energy generation technologies coupled with a widespread recognition that energy has to be conserved and not wasted. It is practical education programs which will promote this ethic at all levels within communities. Education for sustainable water supplies Sustainable living also means having access to sustainable water supplies. At present, it is estimated that some 15% of the global population do not have access to safe water and the majority of these are in developing countries. It is well-known that many of the life threatening diseases, so common in the developing world, are spread by drinking contaminated water. Further, it is estimated that agricultural irrigation consumes some 65% of global freshwater supplies and already many countries and regions are experiencing water scarcity at alarming levels due to prolonged periods of drought. Droughts are predicted to become more prolonged as a result of the consequences of climate change and so demand for freshwater will inevitably rise predicted to be by some 30% over the next two decades and thus it is clear that urgent strategies are necessary to educate communities to use less water more efficiently. Unfortunately, increase in freshwater use is driven by numerous factors which are difficult to assess and control. These factors include population increase and distribution, lifestyles, economies and, most particularly, by increasing demands for food which drives increases in irrigated agriculture. There is also a political factor which influences freshwater usage in that many of the worlds major freshwater resources are shared since major rivers often flow through several countries. For example, the Danube passes through 12 countries that use its water and the Nile flows through 9 countries which are totally dependent on its waters. Agreement between countries that share freshwater resources can be difficult to achieve and sustain but are generally associated with demands for more effective water usage and strict management programs. Since freshwater is such a valuable resource, water pricing is a highly contentious issue at all levels domestic, industrial and agricultural. Agriculture is linked directly to food production and hence farmers believe that they have the right to sufficient water to produce sufficient crops to provide a sustainable income for themselves and their families. Some governments however believe that such water rights should be controlled by license in view of the scarcity of the commodity and this explains the conflict that is evident between primary producers and water licensing authorities. It is inevitable that sustainable agriculture depends on a major reduction in water used for irrigation by progressive use of drip-irrigation technology in conjunction with installation of improved drainage and recycling systems. Also, during the so-called Green Revolution of the 1960s, new strains of many species of crops resulted in large increases in productivity and this technology is now focused on strains of grain crops which require less irrigation. At the industrial level and as a major part of industrial greening strategies, industry is adopting water recycling initiatives which may include partial treatment of waste water. These initiatives are complementary to the energy consumption reduction strategies and are consistent with the 3Rs of clean, green industry reuse, recycle, reduce. At the domestic level, a user pays system is usually applied to water consumption and during periods of drought, restrictions are placed on water usage which are enforced by water management authorities. It is becoming increasingly apparent that due to the escalating cost of water, communities and individuals are becoming more aware of the need for water conservation and are taking appropriate steps to initiate the 3R rule both individually and collectively. These initiatives include the installation of water tanks in homes to collect rain water and the recycling of non-sewage waste water for external use. No longer can it be taken for granted that the right to water means simply turning a tap on. Education for sustainable food supplies Food security, in conjunction with sustainable energy and water supplies, are the essential components of sustaining humanity. At present, food security is not a reality since at least 15% of the global population is undernourished and with a projected surging population increase, it is a daunting challenge to reduce world hunger, especially since this is directly linked with poverty and exacerbated by global warming. The Green Revolution, which partially achieved food security over the period 1960 to mid-1980, was the dawn of intensive agriculture which has resulted in serious environmental problems. Widespread deep tilling of land together with excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides coupled with intensive irrigation has caused degradation of soil quality and texture in addition to dry land salinity. The additional threat of climate change will inevitably further threaten the achievement of food security in coming decades unless urgent steps are taken now to move towards sustainable agriculture. Science, technology and innovation are essential drivers of sustainable agriculture and hence food security. Improved mechanization of agriculture using efficient harvesting machines which reduce soil compaction are already increasing productivity and use of geographical positioning system (GPS) technology to monitor and control the position of such machinery enables precisely measured amounts of seed, fertilizer and pesticides in addition to the determination of soil and plant quality, which enables early detection of diseases. Further, development of improved crop varieties and marker assisted plant breeding combine to reduce losses due to pests and diseases. These biotechnologies lead to strains which are tolerant of drought, heat and saline conditions in addition to improved pest and disease resistance. Further, drip irrigation coupled with micro-nutrient addition is becoming increasingly effective in increasing production of staple crops such as sweet potato. In the quest to find alternative, clean, green energy resources, bio-fuels have come into prominence.   Biofuels are currently produced from starch, sugar cane, wheat, maize and palm oil. Biofuel production is currently somewhat controversial since the required raw material is derived from land that should be used for food production. In addition, sugar cane and palm oil plantations contribute to deforestation of tropical rain forests.   Second   generation   biofuels are currently being investigated which use crop residues, grasses and willows as base materials and these have much promise as future commercial biofuels and are free of the food related controversies. The last decade has seen massive exploitation of marine resources in the quest to achieve food security. The application of modern technology to commercialization of fishing operations has led to a global overfishing crisis such that sustainable fisheries thresholds have been exceeded. Many of the coastal commercial fisheries have collapsed as a result of declining catches and the global industry is facing further threats from seawater warming and increasing acidification caused by climate change. Thus, the seafood industry is not sustainable. The solution involves harvesting methods that capture fish selectively and within specified limits so as to allow regeneration. However, such strategies are difficult to implement on an international scale. Aquaculture is becoming increasingly important in addressing the challenge of food security. Total fish capture in 2010 amounted to some 145 million tonnes of which aquaculture contributed 54 million tonnes representing an increase of some 20 million tonnes compared to a decade ago. Aquaculture meets at least three objectives: provides seafood and hence income for coastal communities, reduces fishing pressure on wild populations and maintains fish supply to sustain commercial, subsistence and recreational demands. Aquaculture can be sustainable provided that quality seawater, dependable supplies of seed and feed-stocks are available together with application of strategies to ensure disease free hatcheries and grow-out systems.   The next generation of aquaculture may involve introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs have already been introduced into agriculture and genetically modified crop strains have been shown to give higher yields with lower fertilizer suppo rt. The transgenic animal products are controversial and early attempts to market GMO salmon have faced stiff resistance. However, the potential for GMOs to be a force in combating food shortages is significant and cannot be overlooked. Food security is clearly based on a combination of sustainable agriculture, sustainable fisheries and sustainable aquaculture together with a paradigm shift in the extent to which natural food resources are exploited. Fundamentally, more food has to be produced with less energy, less water, less chemicals and by methods which allow environmental regeneration. Education in sustainability science and technology Sustainability science is the science associated wi

Is Social Security Reform Really Necessary? Essay -- Argumentative Per

Is Social Security Reform Really Necessary? For many years the social security program has been operating successfully. In recent times however, it is becoming apparent to some that social security is in need of reform. Their argument is that with the amount of people getting older in the next couple of decades, there will not be enough money left in the social security reserves to pay for everyone who needs it. That is why the idea of separating social security up into private funds has been brought to the attention of the American citizens. This idea of reform has been around for quite a long time; however it has been pushed on by pro reform supporters more in recent times because they think it is necessary for the future of the social security program. The idea of reforming the way that social security functions is a bad idea because the way it is set up right now will work in the future regardless of population changes. It also won’t be worth the time and money to reform something that is already working very well, which social security is. Furthermore, the current president’s plan of privatizing social security had many problems and will not work very well during future years. These problems will not only affect the way our seniors live their lives, but also it will put our country deeper and deeper into debt. Many things would change as a result of social security reform, not one of which is better. Most Americans do not enjoy unnecessary taxes and costs, and the privatizing of social security is one thing that is preventable and would not even save the American citizens money in the long run. This idea is very poor, and there are many reasons why it should be stopped. To understand what is wrong with privatizing social security, it is very important to first know how social security works in its current form. What social security is exactly is a way for older Americans and retired American citizens to have financial benefits after they become too old to be working. This includes money for prescription drugs, food, and other common living costs. It comes to the beneficiaries in the form of a check routinely. This money comes from a vast social security reserve that is paid for by the common American taxpayer. The idea behind this is that when you are making money and have a steady job, you will pay money toward social security so t... ...say I encountered many small problems. One of the major ones was finding the resources to write an 8-10 page paper. I have little experience with papers that are this length, so I had to work it out as I went along. In the end it was alright though because I got a chance to really reflect and expend on my ideas, which is something that I never got a chance to do before. Some of the strengths of this paper are the arguments that I presented about this topic. There were a few problems that I ran into along the way. One was trying to make sure I didn’t accidentally state the same idea twice. As unrealistic as it sounds, it can be a reality if the paper is a real long one. If I had more time in the working of this paper, I would probably add more hard facts from my sources, so that my arguments would become more concrete. I would have to say that I was fairly well prepared for this paper and I thought that I did a pretty good job on it. The only improvements that I could see a re if I were to add more citations and edit my arguments to be stronger. I would have to say that I had a fun time working on this paper and learned a whole lot about a subject that I knew nothing about before.