Process Paper on How to Choose a Cell Phone Plan Or How to change a Essay

Procedure Paper on How to Choose a Cell Phone Plan Or How to replace a Tire - Essay Example In any case, looking for a mobile phone plan doesnt must be any more mind boggling than looking for another pair of sneakers. Choosing the best possible mobile phone plan is extremely simply a question of finding the supplier that covers your territory, gives enough minutes to cover your utilization design, and incorporates any additional highlights, for example, messaging, that you should utilize. The primary choice you should make while choosing a wireless arrangement is to pick the best supplier for your region. It is essential to realize that not all wireless organizations spread all territories. Likewise, a few administrations will have dead spots where a wireless won't work. Nearby sales reps might be hesitant to inform you regarding poor inclusion or known dead spots. In any case, the bearers sites for the most part have a guide of the inclusion that they have in the territory, just as any no man's lands. There are additionally sites, for example, mobiledia.com, that offers inclusion maps, tower maps, buyer criticism, and connections to the significant bearers (Mobiledia). Also, loved ones in the territory can normally be the most dependable wellspring of data. When you have chosen the transporter that has sufficient inclusion for your region, you can choose the best arrangement that they have accessible that accommodates your particular needs. To choose the best arrangement for your necessities you should decide when and how regularly that you utilize your remote telephone. Most plans are sold with a predetermined number of minutes that can be utilized for talking during that time during the day. What's more, numerous plans accompany free evenings and ends of the week. In the event that you do the vast majority of your talking around evening time, you might have the option to have an arrangement that has less daytime minutes. On the off chance that the greater part of your use is during the day, you might need to get more daytime minutes. Dont disparage your measure of utilization. Keep in mind, your PDA is consistently with you and turned on. It isnt amazing that right around 66% of the respondents in an ongoing review said they utilize their phone essentially more than a

UNIT 6 Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

UNIT 6 Discussion - Research Paper Example Legitimization of Marijuana would have a positive result on society. To envision a United States where maryjane was lawful, it is basic to contemplate the effect of its controlled sanctioning in the Netherlands. Their arrangement on delicate medications resilience has seen a drop in crime and the exchange of weed modest quantities (Timothy and Goldfinger p2).heroin enslavement rates in the Netherlands have gone somewhere around 0.14%, while the crime percentage has been falling reliably, agreeing with the unwinding of these laws. While there are clearly contrasts between the Netherlands and the US, obviously the figures of social debacle should Marijuana be authorized are lost. On the off chance that sanctioning of maryjane would imply that hard medication and liquor use diminished, at that point the net result would be welcome since the impacts of Marijuana on the client and society is not as much as that of the previous two (Timothy and Goldfinger p2). The case that there would be an expansion in Marijuana utilization should it be authorized is consistent with a point. It could, nonetheless, be clarified by an expansion in clients ready to admit to maryjane use. Government gauges indicating 11.8 million clients in the US is moderate, with NORML evaluating that near 50 million clients live in the US (Timothy and Goldfinger p2). Thusly, any underlying hop can be clarified. After legitimization, a debilitation crusade could be set up similar to that against tobacco. Age limits for use and buy would be set up, which is just conceivable on legitimization since unlawful vendors won't request I.D. Taking everything into account, the worry ought not be on Marijuana, yet on tobacco and liquor. Both have increasingly addictive and lethal markers. The message clearly isn't about worry for society, nor for the user’s wellbeing. Or maybe, it is tricky, muddled, and one-sided

Owl Books Perfect For Every Kind Of Reader, Children Through Adults.

Owl Books Perfect For Every Kind Of Reader, Children Through Adults. Owls are, objectively, the most bookish animal. Theyre wide-eyed, curious, and have a keen sense of concentration. Not to mention that owls are just adorable creatures who, when need be, turn on their predatory instincts. What better way to honor these raptors than with some great owl books? Included on this list are childrens books, books published for middle grade or young adult audiences, as well as adult owl books. These are fiction and nonfiction. Ive also included a comics series. Despite distinctions, anyone of any age can easily enjoy any of the titles below. One thing that seems to be lacking among owl books are those written by authors of color. There are a few, particularly when it comes to childrens titles, but given that academics and naturalists are fields heavy with white practitioners and writers, thats whats represented in the literature. Descriptions are from Amazon, as my own reading is far more limited on owl books than Id prefer. Childrens Owl Books The Barn Owls by Tony Johnston Tony Johnstons THE BARN OWLS recalls in quiet tones the memory of a barn that has stood alone in a wheat field for one hundred years at least. The owls have nested there and have hunted in the fields and circled in the night skies as time slowly slipped by. Every night, as the moon rises, a barn owl awakens and flies out to hunt. Feathered against the endless starry night, he swoops and sails to the darkened wheat field below and catches a mouse in his nimble talons. With outstretched wings, this barn owl returns to his barn nest and his hungry family, repeating the ageless ritual his ancestors have practiced here, in this barn, for at least one hundred years. Following the life cycle of the barn owl, this gentle poem evokes a sense of warm sunshine and envelopes readers with the memory of the scent of a wheat field. A Book of Sleep  by Il Sung Na With a spare, soothing text and beautifully rich and textured illustrations of a starry night, this is the perfect “book of sleep.” Join the owl on his moonlit journey as he watches all the other animals settle in for the night: some sleep standing up, while some sleep on the move! Some sleep peacefully alone, while others sleep all together, huddled close. Il Sung Na makes his American debut with this gorgeous bedtime offering. While each animal rests in its own special way, little ones will also drift off to a cozy sleep. Good Night Owl by Greg Pizzoli Owl is ready for bed. But as soon as he settles in, he hears a strange noise. Hell never get to sleep unless he can figure out whats going on! Hooray for Today by  Brian Won When the moon is up, Owl is wide awake and ready for fun: “Hooray for today! Would you like to play?” But everyone says, “Not now! I’m sleepy!” Owl’s playday gets lonely fast as each friend turns her awayâ€"until sunrise, when Owl discovers a friendly surprise. Perfect for little ones learning the art of patience,  Hooray for Today!  celebrates playtime, sharing, and friendship. Im Not Cute by Jonathan Allen Welcome back, Baby Owl! With visions of himself as a “huge, scary, sleek, sharp-eyed hunting machine,” the adorable little creature goes out for a walk in the woods. But every animal he meets thinks hes so cute, fluffy, and huggable! Poor Baby Owl. Im not cute! he shouts. Then Mom comes alongâ€"and she agrees, before coming up with the perfect solution. Its a real hoot that every kid will relate to. Little Owls Night by Divya Srinivasa Sridhar (series) Its evening in the forest and Little Owl wakes up from his day-long sleep to watch his friends enjoying the night. Hedgehog sniffs for mushrooms, Skunk nibbles at berries, Frog croaks, and Cricket sings. A full moon rises and Little Owl cant understand why anyone would want to miss it. Could the daytime be nearly as wonderful? Mama Owl begins to describe it to him, but as the sun comes up, Little Owl falls fast asleep. Putting a twist on the bedtime book,  Little Owls Night  is sure to comfort any child with a curiosity about the night. Molly The Owl: The True Story of a Common Barn Owl That Ends Up Being Not So Common After all by Eric Blehm When a barn owl and her mate suddenly decide to nest in a suburban neighborhood, the amazing tale of Molly and McGee begins. The owls home, a wooden box with a camera inside, put up by a nature-loving couple in their backyard, becomes the setting for a real-life story of love, danger and mysteryâ€"and, ultimately, the triumph of a family. Through the little camera peeking in on their home, Molly and McGee would captivate millions of people from forty-five countries around the world who shared their saga on the Internet. New York times bestselling author Blehm and award-winning illustrator Christopher Adams bring you this wonderful story sure to inform the minds and warm the hearts of young and old alike. Owl Babies by  Martin Waddell  and  Patrick Benson I want my mommy! Three baby owls awake one night to find their mother gone, and they can’t help but wonder where she is. What is she doing? When will she be back? What scary things move all around them? Stunning illustrations from striking perspectives capture the anxious little owls as they worry. Not surprisingly, joyous flapping and dancing and bouncing greet the mother’s return, lending a celebratory tone to the ending of this comforting tale. Never has the plight of young ones who miss their mother been so simply told or so beautifully rendered. Owl Eyes by Frieda Gates Raweno, Master of all Spirits and Everything-Maker, made the world and everything in it, but nothing gave him quite so much trouble as Owl! This retelling of a traditional Kanienke-haka (Mohawk) creation legend will have readers of all ages laughing at the irrepressible but indecisive bird. Note: author is  Kanienkehaka (Mohawk).   Owl Moon by Jane Yolen Late one winter night a little girl and her father go owling. The trees stand still as statues and the world is silent as a dream. Whoo-whoo-whoo, the father calls to the mysterious nighttime bird. But there is no answer. Wordlessly the two companions walk along, for when you go owling you dont need words. You dont need anything but hope. Sometimes there isnt an owl, but sometimes there is. Distinguished author Jane Yolen has created a gentle, poetic story that lovingly depicts the special companionship of a young child and her father as well as humankinds close relationship to the natural world. Wonderfully complemented by John Schoenherrs soft, exquisite watercolor illustrations, this is a verbal and visual treasure, perfect for reading around and sharing at bedtime. Owl Sees Owl by Laura Godwin With just three or four words per page, this story follows a baby owl one night as he leaves the safety of his nest (Home/Mama/Brother/Sister) and explores the starry world around him (Soar/Glide/Swoop/Swoosh). Inspired by reverso poetry, the words reverse in the middle when the baby owl is startled upon seeing his reflection in the pond (Owl/Sees/Owl). Afraid of it, little owl takes off toward home, soaring over farms and forests (Swoosh/Swoop/Glide/Soar) until he is finally safely home again (Sister/Brother/Mama/Home). Owls by Gail Gibbons Gail Gibbons explores the mysterious world and workings of owls in her latest nonfiction picture book. She depicts numerous species of owls and discusses their biological similarities as well as their differences. She portrays their ideal habitats, life styles, birth and development and environmental hazards that are threatening certain species. As usual, her comprehensive text is accompanied by clearly labeled illustrations and diagrams. Definitions are also included for additional clarity. White Owl, Barn owl by Nicola Davies A young girl and her grandfather look for a barn owl night after night. Will a distinctive heart-shaped face appear at the window? Michael Foreman’s lush, intimate paintings are a perfect companion to Nicola Davies’s lyrical text featuring intriguing facts about a rare bird indeed. Back matter includes further information about nest boxes and an index. Middle Grade and Young Adult Owl Books Avenging The Owl  by Melissa Hart Solo Hahn had always gotten good grades, had good friends, and gotten along with his parents. He wrote screenplays for fun. But when his parents uproot him and move the family from California to backwoods Oregon, Solo starts to lose track of the person he was. The only thing keeping him grounded is the small gray-and-white kitten he brought with him from home, until one night she gets outside and an owl hunts her for its dinner. When Solo tries to avenge the death of his kitten, he gets eight months of community service. Eight weeks of working at the local raptor center helping owlsâ€"the same creatures that killed his kitten in the first place. For the first time in his life, Solo is labeled a troubled kid, an at-risk youth. Stuck with a bad reputation and weeks of work with Sergeant Bird-Nerd, Solo has to find a way to survive the summer. The Capture by Kathryn Lasky After Soren, a young owlet, is pushed from his familys nest by his older brother, hes plucked from the forest floor by agents from a mysterious school, the St. Aegolius Academy for Orphaned Owls. When Soren arrives at St. Aggies, he suspects there is more to the school than meets the eye. He and his new friend, the clever and scrappy Gylfie, find out that St. Aggies is actually a training camp where the schools leader can groom young owls to help achieve her goalâ€"to rule the entire owl kingdom. Hoot by Carl Hiaasen Everybody loves Mother Paula’s pancakes. Everybody, that is, except the colony of cute but endangered owls that live on the building site of the new restaurant. Can the awkward new kid and his feral friend prank the pancake people out of town? Or is the owls’ fate cemented in pancake batter? The Owl Keeper  by Christine Brodien-Jones Maxwell Unger has always loved the night. He used to do brave things like go tramping through the forest with his Gran after dark. He loved the stories she told him about the world before the Destructionâ€"about nature, and books, and the silver owls. His favorite story, though, was about the Owl Keeper. Maxs Gran is gone now, and so are her stories of how the world used to be. The forest is dangerous, the books Gran had saved have been destroyed, the silver owls are extinct, and Max is no longer brave. But when a mysterious girl comes to town, he might just have to start being brave again. The time of the Owl Keeper, Gran would say, is coming soon. Owly by Andy Runton (series) Owly is a kind, yet lonely, little owl whos always on the lookout for new friends and adventure. The first graphic novel in the series contains two enchanting novellas, The Way Home The Bittersweet Summer, wherein Owly discovers the meaning of friendship, and that saying goodbye doesnt always mean forever. Adult Owl Books Adopted By An Owl by  Robbyn Smith van Frankenhuyzen For twenty years we have rehabilitated a wide variety of wild critters, from fawns, foxes, skunks, and crows to opossums, raccoons, rabbits, and owls. Some of the animals were injured adults, others were orphaned babies, but all of them were in need of a little help to get them back into the wild. Growing up on a farm, as well as my training as an animal technician, prepared me for many of the medical situations that arose. Gijsbert took every opportunity to sketch, paint, and photograph our temporary guests during their stay on the farm. More importantly, Gijsbert was issued all the Federal and State permits needed to care for birds of prey. Without these permits, we would never have been able to care for hawks and owls. For good reason, caring for these birds is very tightly regulated and closely monitored. Taking an owl from its nest is dangerous and illegal. We have cared for many Great Horned Owls but none of them were like Jackson, the owl in this story. His personality was uni que from the very beginning and we know that we were lucky to have shared such a close bond with this wild bird. This is the true story of his life with us. Enjoy. The Enigma of an Owl  by Mike Unwin Perhaps no other creature has so compelling a gaze as the owl. Its unblinking stare mesmerizes; its nocturnal lifestyle suggests secrets and mystery. This lavishly illustrated book celebrates owls from every corner of the world and offers abundant details on fifty-three of the most striking and interesting species, from the tiny Elf Owl of southwestern American deserts to the formidable Blakiston’s Fish Owl, the largest of all owls. Mike Unwin has long studied and admired these remarkable birds from cold northern forests to tropical rivers and beyond. He explains how owls evolved into the supreme feathered predators of the night, and he examines their breeding and hunting behaviors, unusual calls, and the cultural myths and superstitions that surround different species. More than two hundred dramatic color photographs in the wild, taken or selected by David Tipling, capture the wondrous beauty of each owl and the drama of life in its own home region. Flyaway: How A Wild Bird Rehabber Sought Adventure and Found Her Wings by Suzie Gilbert Suzie Gilbert discovered her true calling when she began working at a local animal hospital. Eventually, she started bringing abused and unwanted parrots home, and volunteering at a local raptor rehabilitation center. From there it was a short flight to her ultimate commitment: Flyaway, Inc., the nonprofit wild bird rehabilitation center she ran out of her own home. With heart and delightful wit, Gilbert chronicles daily life in her household-cum-bird-hospital, and recounts the resulting chaos as she, her husband, and their two young children struggled to live in a home where parrots shrieked Motown songs and recuperating herons took over the spare bathroom.  Flyaway  is a remarkable story of compassion for and dedication to beautiful creaturesâ€"and the importance of pursuing even the most unlikely of dreams. The Hidden Lives of Owls by Leigh Calvez In this  New York Times  bestseller that will appeal to readers of  H is for Hawk, a naturalist probes the forest to comprehend the secret lives of owls. Join Leigh Calvez on adventures into the world of owls: owl-watching, avian science, and the deep forestâ€"often in the dead of night. These birds are a bit mysterious, and that’s part of what makes them so fascinating. Calvez makes the science entertaining and accessible while exploring the questions about the human-animal connection, owl obsession, habitat, owl calls, social behavior, and mythology. The House of Owls by  Tony Angell For a quarter century, Tony Angell and his family shared the remarkable experience of closely observing pairs of western screech owls that occupied a nesting box outside their forest home. The journals the author recorded his observations in, and the captivating drawings he created, form the heart of this compelling bookâ€"a personal account of an artist-naturalist’s life with owls. Angell’s extensive illustrations show owls engaged in what owls doâ€"hunting, courting, raising families, and exercising their inquisitive naturesâ€"and reveal his immeasurable respect for their secret lives and daunting challenges. Angell discusses the unique characteristics that distinguish owls from other bird species and provides a fascinating overview of the impact owls have had on human culture and thought. He also offers detailed scientific descriptions of the nineteen species of owls found in North America, as well as their close relatives elsewhere. Always emphasizing the interaction of humans and owls, the author affirms by his own example the power of these birds both to beguile and to inspire. Owl by  Desmond Morris From ancient Babylon and the Greek goddess Athena to Edward Lear’s  The Owl and the Pussycat; from Harry Potter’s Hedwig and the grandiloquent, absent-minded Wol from  Winnie the Pooh  to David Lynch’s  Twin Peaks, owls are woven into the fabric of human culture. Beautiful, silent, pitiless predators of the night, these enigmatic beings dwell throughout the world yet barely make their presence known. For people, owls are contradictory beasts, at times depicted as dignified, wise old scholars and at other times as foreboding voyeurs who see allâ€"omens both good and evil, in turn. In this fascinating book, best-selling author and broadcaster Desmond Morris explores the natural and cultural history of one of nature’s most popular winged creatures. Excluding Antarctica, owls are found on every land mass across the globe, and they range in size from well under a foot tall (the tiny least pygmy owl) to more than two feet (the orange-eyed Eurasian eagle owl). As a result of their wide distribution, owls also occur in the folktales, myths, and legends of many native peoples around the world. Morris spreads his wings wide to explore these stories alongside owl evolution, owl species, and the many examples of owls in art, film, literature, and popular culture. Despite the fact that many of us have never seen an owl or even heard its accusatory “Who? Who?,” Morris’s enticing read makes clear this creature’s looming presence in our lives. Featuring more than one hundred telling illustrations from nature and culture,  Owl  will enthrall the many devotees of this surreal bird. The Owl Who Liked Sitting on Caesar by Martin Windrow Martin Windrow was a war historian with little experience with pets when he adopted an owl the size of a corncob. Adorable but with knife-sharp talons, Mumble became Windrows closest, if at times unpredictable, companion, first in a South London flat and later in the more owl-friendly Sussex countryside. In  The Owl Who Liked Sitting on Caesar, Windrow recalls with wry humor their finer moments as well as the reactions of incredulous neighbors, the awkwardness of buying Mumble unskinned rabbit at Harrods Food Hall, and the grievous sense of loss when Mumble nearly escapes. As Windrow writes: Mumble was so much a part of my life in those days that the oddity of our relationship seldom occurred to me, and I only thought about it when faced with other peoples astonishment. When new acquaintances learned that they were talking to a book editor who shared a seventh-floor flat in a South London tower block with a Tawny Owl, some tended to edge away, rather thoughtfully…I tried to answer patiently, but I found it hard to come up with a short reply to the direct question Yes, but…why?; my best answer was simply Why not?' Windrow offers a poignant and unforgettable reminiscence of his charmed years with his improbable pet, as well as an unexpected education in the paleontology, zoology, and sociology of owls. Owls: A Guide To Every Species In The World by Marianne Taylor Humans have long been fascinated by owls. From prehistoric cave paintings to popular modern children’s stories, these magnificent predators have been seen as harbingers of good fortune and impending disaster, as icons of fear and wisdom, and as the powerful sidekicks of magic-makers, including the beloved Harry Potter. Scientists have faced tremendous challenges trying to document the lives of these solitary, nocturnal, and highly elusive creatures. New species are still being discovered, as are new insights into the habits of even the most familiar varieties. Visually spectacular and authoritative,  Owls  includes full descriptions and maps of key viewing locations for all 225 owl species in the world, and is illustrated with drawings and stunning full-color images from some of the leading wildlife photographers from around the world which capture these birds’ breathtaking beauty and power. The book also features a special section on the art of hidingâ€"a highly honed skill set of the owl. Throughout, Marianne Taylor provides a wealth of detail on each type of bird’s hunting and breeding behavior, habitat, and conservation. Owls: Our Most Charming Bird by Matt Sewell The owl is one of nature’s most captivating creatures. In this enchanting guide, artist Matt Sewell brings to life fifty species from around the world. From the adorable Eurasian Pygmy Owl, small enough to fit in your pocket, to the Great Gray Owl, celebrated for its size and eleganceâ€"these charming illustrations are sure to delight anyone intrigued by these wise and wonderful animals. Owls and Other Fantasies by Mary Oliver Within these pages Mary Oliver collects twenty-six of her poems about the birds that have been such an important part of her life-hawks, hummingbirds, and herons; kingfishers, catbirds, and crows; swans, swallows, and, of course, the snowy owl; among a dozen others-including ten poems original to this volume. She adds two beautifully crafted essays, Owls, selected for the Best American Essays series, and Bird, one that will surely take its place among the classics of the genre. Owls of the World: A Photographic Guide by  Heimo Mikkola Owls of the World, second edition, is the ultimate photographic resource dedicated to the identification of these charismatic birds of prey. The new edition is packed with spectacular photography of 268 species of owls from all over the worldâ€"19 more species than the original book. Many of the photos are of highly elusive species that are very rarely caught on camera. The photos are accompanied by detailed text describing: Identification notes Habitat Population status Voice Food Distribution Accurate range maps Similar species The photographic coverage includes plumages and subspecies which promotes differentiation between species, making this the definitive work on owl identification. Similar-looking (confusion) species are included and owls are shown as adults from a perspective that clearly shows markings that assist in identification. For birders, naturalists, photographers, researchers and any fan of these birds,  Owls of the World  is the definitive work on species identification as well as a comprehensive encyclopedia for reference and reading. Wesley The Owl by Stacy OBrien On Valentine’s Day 1985, biologist Stacey O’Brien adopted Wesley, a baby barn owl with an injured wing who could not have survived in the wild. Over the next nineteen years, O’Brien studied Wesley’s strange habits with both a tender heart and a scientist’s eyeâ€"and provided a mice-only diet that required her to buy the rodents in bulk (28,000 over the owl’s lifetime). She watched him turn from a helpless fluff ball into an avid com ­municator with whom she developed a language all their own. Eventually he became a gorgeous, gold-and-white macho adult with a heart-shaped face who preened in the mir ­ror and objected to visits by any other males to “his” house. O’Brien also brings us inside Caltech’s prestigious research community, a kind of scientific Hogwarts where resident owls sometimes flew freely from office to office and eccentric, brilliant scientists were extraordinarily committed to studying and helping animals; all of them were changed by the animals the y loved. As O’Brien gets close to Wesley, she makes astonishing discoveries about owl behavior, intelligence, and communication, coining the term “The Way of the Owl” to describe his noble behavior. When O’Brien develops her own life-threatening ill ­ness, the biologist who saved the life of a helpless baby bird is herself rescued from death by the insistent love and courage of this wild animal. Wesley the Owl  is being adapted for television.   Love owl books? You might be interested in more books about wildlife, including books about birds, books about chickens, and, of course, these 100 must-read books about nature.     Sign up to The Kids Are All Right to receive news and recommendations from the world of kid lit and middle grade books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Humanity - 600 Words

Humanity is a part of everyday life, but what if your humanity was lost? All throughout the human existence, there has been humanity. In the time period of humanity, humanity was put to the test. Mass genocides, cruel leaders, world wars, and many more have shown humanity at its lowest. It shows how humanity is completely destroyed in times of injustice and war. Surviving Hitler, by Andrea Warren and The Diary of Anne Frank by Goodrich and Hackett show how the Nazi party dehumanized all Europeans that opposed the Nazi party and how they destroyed their humanity in the process. In the story Surviving Hitler by Andrea Warren, the main character Jack is living in the time of the holocaust. During his lifetime he goes through many hardships†¦show more content†¦Van Daan has been taking food secretly from everyone while they have been sleeping. His greed took away him common sense and his humanity a weathered down to nothing. His greed led him to take from the ones who needed the food the most. The terror and dehumanization of the Nazi’s worked. They have scared and terrorized these everyday people into being greedy and forgetting their sense of humanity. Others may argue that humanity is not lost and destroyed in times of injustice and war, but they are definitely wrong. â€Å"Before the war Jack had parents, a brother, a grandfather, uncles, aunts, and cousins – eighty one people in all. Now, everyone except Jack’s second cousins, Robert and Arek, Aunt Hinda, Uncle Sigmund, and Jack was dead.† â€Å"If I had known this when I was in the camps, why would I have struggled so hard to live?† You cannot just think about the time in the camps. You must think about the after effect and psychological problems that this could and have caused. You can argue that they survived and they still have humanity because they are alive, but would you want to keep living when you know that everyone that you had known before except 4 people are dead? Where is the humanity in all of this? All of these stories give examples of the dehumanization of the Nazi’s. They took away their names, their lives, and most of all their humanity. Imagine if you were in that situation. You are alive but do you really feelShow MoreRelatedThe Humanities And Its Impact On Education Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesinstitutions are cutting the humanities from curricula. According to Nussbaum, our nation and those like it are economically hungry and are pushing technical careers instead. She disputes that a decrease in the humanities will cause a loss in free thinking, and therefore a loss of democracy. Her argument is based off of her theory that without the humanities, citizens become soulless, mechanical, and profit-making machines. This theory is based off the notion that the humanities are continuing to beRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Humanities Sequence984 Words   |  4 PagesSince the beginning of the Humanities sequence, numerous themes have been expressed through vario us pieces of art and literature. A few of these themes have been so prevalent that they have flourished throughout the entire sequence of humanities classes. One of the major themes in particular is the idea of truth and where people have found truth in society. Some believe that truth comes from religion and higher powers, while others believe that knowing as many angles of a certain idea gains knowledgeRead MoreReflective Essay On Humanities1238 Words   |  5 PagesHumanities as a whole teach us a lot about people and their lives. For me humanities had been just another subject that I had to take as a prerequisite but now I find it very interesting to know about education, art, history and culture. People lives are revolving around humanities. The humanities are the source how people are getting along. Humanities connects people and place. The humanities make us to think creatively and also teach us to question about ourselves and our world.Read MoreThe Social Sciences And Humanities1114 Words   |  5 PagesThere seems to be a stigma present in our society, that social sciences and humanities are not as hard and require less work than science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, STEM, majors. In addition, women are still struggling to gain traction in STEM fields, and face gender bias quite frequently, as seen in the fact that women are only paid 77 cents for every dollar made by a man. We hypothesized that STEM majors would be rated as more academically competent than sociology majors. We alsoRead MoreReflection Paper On The Humanities Field1071 Words   |  5 Pagesout. Reflecting back on these individual papers helps to express what I have learned. The first paper that was written was the humanities essay. The humanities essay helped to provide an understanding of the artistic analysis of the artwork that we chose to write about. When the assignment was first assigned I thought it was going to be difficult, seeing that the humanities field is all about expressing your opinion and deconstructing the text for what it says and not how it does so. As I begun toRead MoreThe Importance Of Humanities : Starving For Wisdom1093 Words   |  5 Pagesimportance of Humanities: â€Å"Starving for Wisdom† In â€Å"Starving for Wisdom† by Nicholas Kristof, the author explains the importance of humanities in enriching people and finances. The humanities are learning about human culture with â€Å"literature, history, art music and philosophy† (Oxford Dictionaries). In summary, this essay explains the benefits of having the three modes of persuasion; ethos, pathos, logos and displays the impact and importance of the humanities. Decisions based on the humanities can haveRead MoreThe Importance Of Teaching Humanities And Arts1337 Words   |  6 PagesArts and Humanities Jenry Martin PHI103: Informal Logic Instructor: Stephen Krogh March 7, 2016 Ashford University My research is about the importance of teaching humanities and arts to kids. Humanities and art can provide understanding to children opening their minds and after my research, I can say I am in favor that children learn in early ages humanities and art. In this paper, I will provide both examples why kids should study them and why not. I will explain how do humanities and artRead MoreHumanities vs. Sciences Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"SCIENCE HAS BOMBS, and humanities have Britney Spears† (Kershner as cited in Purvis, 2004). This amusing comment, made during a professorial debate concerning which discipline was superior, epitomises the divide that exists between the humanities and sciences. Although the debate has its roots in the Industrial Revolution, in more recent times it was signalled by Snow’s (1959; 1964) discussion outlining the dysfunctional gulf that exists between the cultures. Essentially Snow was critical of theRead MoreEssay about The St udy of Anthropology and the Humanities1361 Words   |  6 Pages The humanities are a broad multidisciplinary field of study where its disciplines aren’t in just one department. Therefore, studying the humanities correlates to the study of anthropology. Simply put, anthropology is the study of humanity and the origins of human beings. Learning about the humanities can help those studying anthropology because the humanities looks into understanding and exploring the human condition. There is an idea of culture that is used to describe what humans do. AnthropologyRead MoreLoss of Humanities Should Not be a Sacrifice of Eduction Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesAs the reduction of the Humanities department begins to arise, many students lives are severely impacted. There are many positive and negative effects which come along with reducing funds in the Humanities departments. Though many individuals might contradict that reducing humanities may be a beneficial act for some , In my opinion it should not be lessened primarily because it can lead to malevolent mishaps. Decreasing humanities will result in excessive unemployment rates, superfluous amount of

Guidelines For An Effective Teaching And Learning Tool For...

Introduction Rubrics can be used to make students a part of the assessment process. According to Brookhart (2013), â€Å"a rubric is a logical set of guidelines for students’ work that includes descriptive levels of performance quality on standards.† Matching student performance to descriptive criteria are the essential factors in a rubric (Brookhart, 2013). Assessing student performance is a rubric’s task. Brookhart (2013) states that â€Å"criteria and descriptions of levels of performance are the two main elements in a rubric.† Criteria should be about proposed learning outcomes, without using details of the assignment alone. Rubrics can be an effective teaching and learning tool for instruction, students, peer-assessment, and self-assessment if created and utilized efficiently (Brookhart, 2013). Rubrics for Instruction and Students Brookhart (2013) emphasizes that rubrics help teachers teach and students learn. When expectations are clearly laid out by the instructor in the form of a rubric, this enables teachers to focus on what intentions they have for the students to gain skill in. Instant assumptions should never be made without consulting criteria first. When instruction is focused on what the students are to acquire knowledge of rather than what they should be taught, allows for improvement to naturally take place (Brookhart, 2013). Detailed standard and performance levels provided on a rubric allow students to understand what is expected of them and whatShow MoreRelated New Learning Opportunities for Adult Learners Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesNew Learning Opportunities for Adult Learners The concept of adults as learners emerged both in this country and in Europe shortly after World War I; however, only in the last few decades has the theory of adult learning matured. Knowles, Tough, Houle, and Park, among others, have written extensively on the idea of the adult learner. In Tennants book (1997), he discussed Knowles adult learning theory. Knowles used the term andragogy to label adult learning theory. The andragogical modelRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Aspects Of A Teaching Role953 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative aspects of a teaching role, allowed me to get an understanding of their perspectives. One of the teachers whom I interviewed was Mr. Gonzales a high school Spanish teacher. He first served the U.S. Army until he retired and decided to become a teacher. Although, he knew that teachers are not paid enough and are taken for granted, he only cared about making a difference in a child’s life. Mr. Gonzales states that his goals as an educator is to , â€Å"reach all my students no matter their diversityRead MoreMy Understanding Of Effective Learning1543 Words   |  7 PagesI learn.† My belief on effective learning has been influenced through carefully studying different theorists and practices in EDN221. As future educators, we should all have the same goal; in helping students reach their potential by providing an effective learning experience which caters for student diversity, by creating a positive learner-centred environment that promotes their success and nurtures their individual desires to learn. My understanding of effective learning is developed from theRead MoreMy Understanding Of Effective Learning1543 Words   |  7 PagesI learn.† My belief on effective learning has been influenced through carefully studying different theorists and practices in EDN221. As future educators, we should all have the same goal; in helping students reach their potential by providing an effective learning experience which caters for student diversity, by creating a positive learner-centred environment that promotes their success and nurtures their individual desires to learn. My understanding of effective learning is developed from theRead MoreTeaching Writing : A Paper Prepared For Educ 306 Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesTEACHING WRITING TO STRUGGLING STUDENTS Rosanna Corona University of La Verne A Paper Prepared for EDUC 306 In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts May 2016 Abstract Students are subjected to write an array of essays, but they lack the required tools needed to effectively deliver a great paper. They are struggling to write and teachers are needing to design and conform to their current student’s needs. New methods are created and implemented in order to executeRead MoreEducational Technology And Its Impact On Education1614 Words   |  7 Pageschange many ideas of education and the potential of educational systems. How does education technology make the students more excited to learn and enjoy school? Modern education has changed from the traditional learning methods that used paper instructional delivery to the more advanced approaches that use computers in delivering instruction. From elementary schools to the higher learning institutions, educational experts have created means of transferring educational information from the teachersRead MoreThe Standards Movement : Developing High Quality Early Childhood Programs958 Words   |  4 Pagespractices (DAP), identifies and explains my position in regards to these approaches, and identifies a particular instructional strategy that reinforces early learning standards. The Standards Movement The standards movement emerged during former President Bill Clinton’s presidency in 1989 to ensure that early childhood programs followed guidelines that prepared young children for school. Young learners were prepared in areas of cognitive, language and communication, physical, and social/emotional developmentRead MoreThe Foundation For Management A Classroom1580 Words   |  7 Pageshave control of the environment. As stated by Newman (2013) classroom management objective is to have an effective means to generate the environments that enable learning, regardless of the students’ age. In order to achieve this feat a classroom management plan must incorporate guidelines and procedures (Newman, 2013). When a classroom plan consists of these guidelines, it assists the students in comprehending the expected behavior in the classroom environment. Moreover, classroom management planRead MoreStudents Scores On The Sglsst Be Improved1120 Words   |  5 Pagesn students’ scores on the SGLSST be improved? How should the curriculum and instructional process relate to preparation for the SGLSST? How should the results of the SGLSST be used in instructional planning? How do these suggestions impact students with special needs? The teachers, administrators, parents and students at Resthaven Elementary are all facing a huge dilemma. It’s clear that the teachers are frustrated and perplexed on how to effectively teach their students. The parents are becomingRead MoreThe Importance Of Reading Instruction On The State Standards756 Words   |  4 Pagesstate standards. Our job as reading specialist is to help students achieve academic goals. We need to make sure our students get the proper help in the reading areas of phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension. The public system are studying the effectiveness of reading strategies. The reading programs should be align with the state standards. A daily reading instruction need to be included with the five components of reading instruction. In addition, different types of reading assessments to

The Characteristics of Language Acquisition and Development Free Essays

Language ability starts even before birth and happens in every area of the child’s life. A child absorbs the language that is spoken in their environment with characteristics such as the tonal quality, the syntax, and the usages of that language. A child can learn languages which are spoken by their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on The Characteristics of Language Acquisition and Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The child absorbs the language that is most prevalent in the environment they live. It is a unique phenomenon in human life and occurs in a significant time span. Language absorption is provided by nature from birth, up until around the ages of four to five. Early Childhood Language development in the first five years of life is the key for a child’s development of communication and language. In the first five years of life, the language development begins at birth when infants communicate through their cries and the many looks they give. In the next period, infant’s attempts at communication with adults become more deliberate. This period is usually around xix to eighteen months. Infants in this period can coordinate their visual attention with another person regarding objects and events. Their ability to remember comes into play. Their remembering will consist of recognizing and recall methods. Their quest to further their knowledge will help to facilitate their oral language competencies. Oral language Competencies are directly related to the acquisition of literacy. Children learn new words from hearing them in similar positions as they are used in sentences. They learn their words through direct teaching, parent vocalizations, and other points of interest. They also learn words by associating a word they hear with some concrete reference they can see. Their receptive mode in oral language is listening and their expressive mode in that area is peaking. Their written language receptive mode is reading and their expressive mode is writing. â€Å"Children who are fluent in oral language are more successful learners. † â€Å"Being successful learners in this regard leads to better communication skills, better listeners, and the ability to talk with peers and teachers more effectively. † (Otto, 2006) In the third period, from 18 months onward, language becomes children’s primary means of learning and communication. Preschoolers can engage in conversations, can use language for self-control and have the capacity to participate verbally. An infant’s oral competencies are a part of a larger scenario. What children acquire and learn often relates to what they are exposed to in the womb. My grandmother and mother were always big on making sure that they encouraged my sisters and /or their female friends to speak to their unborn children. â€Å"Talk to the little one and let him or her know that you are there. † I firmly believe that my love for music comes from the fact that mother used to tell me that she played music for me the entire time she was pregnant with me. I seriously fell in love with music at around age 2 (by all accounts and photos). The text tells us that â€Å"infants can perceive sounds beginning with the 25t week of gestation. † (Otto, 2006) This makes it extremely important for expecting parents to talk, sing, read, and provide as many sounds and words as possible. Once babies are born, the text also tells us that â€Å"beginning at birth, children are a part of a social environment. It is within this social environment that language development begins. † (Otto, 2010) â€Å"They are also born with predispositions to pay attention to language and people in their environment. † (Otto, 2006) Children will learn words between 18 months and 6 years of age. They begin to distinguish specific phonemes as early as 1 month of age. † (Otto, 2006) They however are still not able to verbally express those distinctions as of yet. An infant will first need to decipher speech sounds that occur within their environment. That’s why it is crucial for parents and/or caregivers to speak, listen, and then respond to whatever their baby is uttering. This will be a kind of reinforcement of developing language patterns. I think this makes me realize the importance of the bonding process that all parents should undertake after birth. The role of a caregiver should follow later after this process is complete. I think this will play a beneficial role in how an infant will acquire his or her oral competencies. Some of our literature offers us a time table as to when some of these accomplishments will occur. The text tells us that â€Å"at six months a child will respond to his or her name. † â€Å"At twelve months, a child uses their words with meaning and intention. † â€Å"The vocabulary increases from that of five to 20 words at 18 months to 150-200 words at two years of age. â€Å"By the age of 4, a child can use at least four prepositions, know names of familiar animals and has mastered one or more colors. † (Atherton, 2008) This leads us to discuss the various ways in which it could be possible for children to acquire language. There are several perspectives that describe the ways in which children can acquire language skills. â€Å"The Learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see and hear; and that children learn from punishment and reinforcement. †(Shaffer,Wood, Willoughby, 2002). The first is the Nativist Perspective. This perspective focuses on the inborn and/or the innate human capabilities as it relates to the acquisition of syntactic language. â€Å"Applications provide the opportunity to use and explore language to encourage â€Å"hypothesis testing† and activate LAD. † (Otto, 2006)This would be useful in helping young students develop confidence in questioning the information they acquire. This perspective was researched by Noam Chomsky, who is known for his contributions to the study of linguistics and his influence on the teaching of computer languages and mathematics. The next perspective is called the Cognitive Development Perspective. The idea of language acquisition; as it described by theorist Jean Piaget, is â€Å"acquired as maturation occurs and cognitive competencies develop. † (Otto, 2006) Implications would dictate that in order to be successful in language acquisition, â€Å"learning activities should be developed to match a child’s stage of cognitive development. † (Otto, 2006) In a classroom setting, this might be a challenging, tedious, but still rewarding endeavor for a teacher. This idea might find more credence in the arena of special education. The Behaviorist Perspective consists of language being learned through repetitive and supported speech. This is also facilitated by â€Å"associations between stimuli, responses, and events following the response. † (Otto, 2006). Students would benefit greatly from the direct correlation and association of everyday objects, activities, and situations. The implications as researched by B. F. Skinner, â€Å"focus on the stimuli and reinforcements that children experience which involve language use. (Otto, 2006) Children’s communication efforts are also supported as well as language exercises that involve a repetitive nature. The Interactionist Perspective; focused on by theorist Vygotsky, has a direct connection on sociocultural interaction. Its implications provide a positive emotional basis for social interactions. It also offers a â€Å"wide range of social interactions in which oral and written language are used in developmentally appropriate activities. † (Otto, 2006) For those students learning on many levels this would be a significant opportunity to apply those oral and written language skills with everyday interactions. Out of all the theoretical perspectives listed, I am more impressed with the Interactionist Theoretical Perspective. In my opinion it offers a greater opportunity to apply language acquisition with social interaction opportunities. It also give the child an avenue to be expressive in ways that will benefit them later in their development. these areas might include eye contact with greater confidence, mediation for future conflict resolution, child-directed speech for positive peer relations; and support for questioning. I am always a fan of social interacting building. References http://languagedevelopment.tripod.com/id15.html How to cite The Characteristics of Language Acquisition and Development, Essay examples

Contamination of Food and Sanitation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contamination of Food and Sanitation. Answer: Contamination of food with weedicide is a growing concern across the communities that require immediate attention. Since the impact of such condition is adverse for humans, it is the responsibility of the authorities of food premises to restrict the contamination of food with these harmful chemicals. The eatery in Siputeh must be following a set of guidelines for the same. Since the spraying of weedicide takes place at a certain time of the day and a particular interval, the kitchen of the eatery must remain closed during the spraying tenure as well as for a considerable time frame after it. The employees at the kitchen of the eatery must consider washing the ingredients used for preparing dishes very well. This is to be done with the help of warm water. It is also advisable that the food ingredients are kept in sunlight prior to use. Both these processes help in reducing the impact of the weedicide to some degree. For vegetables and fruits used it is recommended that they are peeled before used (Harris et al., 2017). Responsibilities are there in part of the employees too. It is recommended that the employees maintain proper hygiene measures in order to avoid contamination of food from traces of weedicides coming into the eatery with the individuals. Changing clothes before entering the kitchen and maintaining hand washing practices are essential. Pro tective clothing sich as the use of gloves also aids in this respect. Lastly, it is necessary that all work surfaces as well as equipment and utensils are adequately sanitised prior to use (Likk-Roto et al., 2014). References Harris, K. J., Murphy, K. S., DiPietro, R. B., Line, N. D. (2017). The antecedents and outcomes of food safety motivators for restaurant workers: An expectancy framework.International Journal of Hospitality Management,63, 53-62. Likk-Roto, T., Nevas, M. (2014). Restaurant business operators' knowledge of food hygiene and their attitudes toward official food control affect the hygiene in their restaurants.Food control,43, 65-73.

A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essays

A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essays A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essay A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Essay Valuess are criterions and principals by which we live our lives. These criterions are many and frequently depend on people`s background e.g. Culture, category, faith, gender, age. Valuess are highly single attitudes that direct people`s responses to the universe around them. Amongst some of the values I live my life by and regard are privateness leting me to hold infinite to myself and esteeming the fact that others may want privateness, to be safe and besides leting others the same, holding self regard, being trusty, being non judgmental, being anti discriminatory, respect life and religion, value freedom and equality, value pick and others points of position. I have learned to populate my life this manner from my parents and their households. The schools and church where I was taught, espoused the values of human self-respect, solidarity for the common good, charity, and the household, all of which I continue to keep beloved. I hence try to guarantee that I treat people the manner I would wish to be treated. Because of these values, I am able to work merrily alongside the organisation I volunteer for, as their policies and processs represent many of these common values. We guarantee the right to self-respect, pick, regard, privateness, and protection. I must see my clients beliefs and penchants. I presently volunteer as a Befriender for a group that helps grownups with larning disablements become included within the community through socialisation, by fiting Befriendees with supportive Befrienders. I, as a voluntary for this organisation, provide their service participants with the chance to take a full and fulfilling portion in their community. I besides help to raise consciousness of issues impacting grownups with larning troubles in community engagement. I did this in a major manner by take parting in the aggregation and presentation of our request to the Scots Parliament to bespeak that Befriending is to be financed with nucleus support. Although Befriending, to assist societal inclusion was briefly mentioned as a agency of back uping grownups with larning disablements in â€Å"Same as you Strategy†2000, this article has neer been defined by the authorities as a nucleus service to be provided by councils. As a consequence, Befriending for Adults with Learning Disabilities has seldom been financed or delivered by statutory services. However, the societal work section is the chief agencies of referral to our organisation and so for the minute receive this service free, financed by charitable contributions. I feel this is a signifier of statutory favoritism against our client group and trust our request resolves this state of affairs. This request has received a positive reaction from the requests commission and is still traveli ng through the commission processes. The nucleus values of our administration are underpinned by the National Care Standards, which were set up under the Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001. This Act came about to modulate the attention and societal work force and set out the principals of good attention pattern. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to register, modulate, and inspect all attention services listed in the Act. It besides established The Scottish Social Services Council ( SSSC ) . The SSSC has purposes and aims to protect the service users, rise criterions, strengthen, and support work force professionalism. There are six chief criterions laid down in National Care Standards that are at the Centre of any attention pattern. Dignity â€Å"making person feel worthy and impressive† as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary. I guarantee that I give self-respect by esteeming persons for who they are. I recognise all persons are different and I am sensitive and cognizant of this. Privacy and confidentiality is the demand and right to privacy. The rule of confidentiality between me and the service user is built on common regard and trust. Confidentiality is farther reinforced by the Data Protection Act 1998. This allows our service users to see any information that is held on them. I must guarantee that this information is held firmly in a locked filing cabinet. Any information I write in an activity program must be true, factual, and accurate with my sentiments to be nonsubjective. Choice means giving and explicating different options to persons. I support our service users by promoting their right to take. By offering they limited options that will promote them to look at positive options within a safe environment. Safety means that I must guarantee my service user when in my attention, is protected from injury and maltreatment. If I suspect or observe that injury and maltreatment has or is taking topographic point, against a service user, I must describe the incident in an Incident Report Form within 36 hour of the episode to my line director. I besides complete a hazard appraisal signifier before any activity. Gaining Potential ensures that I must let my service users the opportunity to take to accomplish things great and little within their abilities. These nucleus values are represented within our administrations policies and processs. To guarantee client safety we have a Health and Safety Policywhich is designed to follow with the Health and Safety at work Act 1974. Hazard Appraisals are used on a day-to-day footing before an activity to guarantee that the staff and clients are safe on the premises. We besides have Accident and Incident Reporting processs which are required under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrences Regulation 1995 ( RIDDOR ) , Social Security Regulations 1979 ( SRR ) , Data Protection Act, to be reportedin an efficient mode. I must finish relevant signifiers and study to my line director. If an event requires describing straight to RIDDOR the records should be kept firmly for at least three old ages. Our Equalities policy complies with the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and 1986, the Race Relations Act of 1976 and the Race Relation Amendments Regulations of 2003, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Our organisation opposes all signifiers of unjust and improper favoritism on the evidences of coloring material, race, faith, nationality, societal background, gender, sexual orientation, matrimonial position, age and disablement. It besides promotes the rule of equal chances in paid employment, voluntary work, and service proviso. Although it is of import to use positive values within my pattern, it is sometimes hard to make so. Giving person pick demands to be balanced by guaranting that this pick is safe and positive. Giving Adults with Learning Disabilities excessively many picks can do confusion and sometimes fear. So I give limited positive picks to guarantee that this does non go on. Safety issues can besides restrict picks, as under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and National Care Standards it is of import that I guarantee my client is safe from injury and maltreatment. If a hazard appraisal shows that an activity is non suited to the client because of safety issues so the pick of making that peculiar activity is reduced. The values conflicting here are my clients wellness and safety and his right to pick. Privacy and confidentiality is dealt with in our Confidentiality policy. Our organisation requires information about clients, voluntaries, staff other organisations and our ain organisation. I am hence committed to guaranting that all information is stored safely which besides allows appropriate retrieval. Confidential stuff must be kept in a locked cabinet. Volunteers are merely able to see files â€Å"on a demand to cognize footing only† . Computer entree is limited to authorised staff and information backed up. All of these policies are compatible with the Data Protection Act 1998.If a client discloses something to me and inquire me non to state anyone so I must esteem his/her wants as a affair of trust. However, sometimes this can be hard, particularly if maltreatment is disclosed. Under these fortunes I am obliged to state him/her that I understand his/her demand for confidentiality, but the fortunes require me to rede my line director in authorship and that this will be in his/her best involvements and to seek non to worry. The values conflicting here are protection from injury and maltreatment and confidentiality. As we do non provide a attention service, w e are non required to register with the Care Commission, but we guarantee all our policies and processs meet their criterions. As all clients under these criterions are lawfully allowed an individualized attention program, we alternatively have an activity program. To guarantee no favoritism takes place the client is assessed utilizing ( Ref1 ) PIES. We take into history, our clients Physical demands, Intellectual needs, Emotional needs, and Social demands. Needs were foremost described as demands for our endurance in the theoretical account put frontward by ( Ref 2 ) Abraham Maslow, a Humanist Psychologist. He stated that human demands can be arranged in a step ladder pyramid and that the lower degree demands must be satisfied before higher degrees can be met. Get downing from the basic psychological demand, so traveling to safety and security, societal, esteem, and self- realization. He suggested that non fulfilling these needs the individual could go defeated and emotionally hard-pressed, with perchance poorness and crisis taking topographic point. He besides suggested that these demands must be met in order. Prejudice as ( Ref3 ) defined in the Collins dictionary â€Å"is an unreasonable disfavor of a peculiar group of people or things, or a penchant for a one group of people or things over another† . Prejudice is caused by a deficiency of apprehension of something, doing the incorrect feeling to be created. ( Ref4 ) The Functionalist positions province that society can be likened to the human organic structure, with different variety meats ( establishments ) holding different maps yet all working together to maintain the organic structure ( society ) alive. The negative facets of favoritism harmonizing to the functionalists province that it exacerbates poorness and offense, that society fails to utilize the resources of all persons, discourages good will, and deter the declaration of differences. These negative facets can supply occupations by holding to use constabulary officers, justness system, and civil retainers. Although non to be encouraged, the functionalists province tha t the positive facets of prejudice keep people in their proper topographic point within society and deter them from oppugning their topographic point within society. The functionalists believe that it is normal for one group to be superior to the other, that society is unequal and competition within society is natural. Discrimination happens when one group does non desire to hold another group change their set functions. Changes in the economic system can see prejudice impacting those in poorness because other groups may experience that the benefit system budget is being abused by those who are out of work. Prejudice can be seen in my client group, which has a definite demand of the benefit system. Working with people with larning disablements has shown me that bias arises amongst some of the local community. This is a little subdivision of the community pre- judgment those with learning disablements through deficiency of cognition and so they hold unfavorable positions or sentiments towards people who are different and so blustery can take topographic point. Adults with learning disablements are a subdivision of society that tends non to be able to stand up for themselves. They rely on household, societal workers, protagonism workers, and support workers to rede them on their rights, picks, and duties. Unfortunately, through no mistake of their ain, some subdivisions of this community may non have this relevant information. They do non have the attention, benefits, and advice that they need, or they do non have the statutory services they deserve. This can be caused by certain people denying our client group their rights and so know apart against them. Harassment, intimidation, and hate offenses of those with learning disablements takes topographic point in many countries. The recent decease of a female parent and girl burned to decease in England after legion menaces and torment is an inordinate illustration and consequence of favoritism. Discrimination takes topographic point through fright, misinterpretation, misinformation, and so every bit good as Torahs against favoritism, we need to educate and supply preparation against it. To seek to guarantee that the incident that took topographic point does non go on in our community, our organisation is involved in supplying a preparation service to the community. I have taken portion in preparation to seek to educate young persons from the local secondary school about Learning Disabilities. This resulted in them going equal voluntaries to younger kids with Learning Disabilities from the local school for autistic kids. A music group was set up to convey these two groups of childs together, with positive consequences. ( Ref 5 ) Adults with Learning Disabilities are more likely to develop wellness jobs. Therefore, without support, they may non be able to do their feelings known and so screening and or intervention may be denied. The demand for support to let them to take as normal a life as their abilities allow and to entree services, has a fiscal cost to society. The belief that people with larning disablements, are a fiscal load to society, and non supplying relevant support is grounds of discrimination.Their ailment wellness has my client group grownups with larning disablements trusting on benefits. Therefore, being able to afford the usage of conveyance and taking portion in societal activities are reduced for those who are on benefits. This is more apparent in those with larning disablements in rural countries. They are socially excluded and marginalized, through the deficiency of low-cost and regular conveyance services. The opportunities of employment for this group of persons are rare as most do non hold the capacity to prosecute in work and so they will go on to populate on benefits. Psychologically that can ensue in depression, low self- regard, defeat, or anger. Causing their behavior to be affected, by them going withdrawn or violent. Through statute law, societal attention organisations now have to be more accountable and have increasing duties to compose and keep policy and processs. These have to follow with current statute law and exist to protect people`s rights and guarantee quality services are provided. Our policies and processs must hold specific guidelines, for illustration, they cover confidentiality and privateness, equal chances, wellness and safety, maltreatment policies, lone working patterns, activity planning and reappraisals and hazard appraisal and direction. I have a duty to read the organisations policy and processs exhaustively and incorporate them into my pattern. I should question any uncertainnesss and describe any violations. If I am uneasy about the pattern of others within the organisation or within any other bureau I come into contact with, I must describe to my line director and seek advice. My director has a duty to bring forth these policies and processs guaranting they incorporate current statute law. Management ensures that staff and service users have easy entree to them. Discussion and contemplation of policies and processs to guarantee they are justified and explained to staff is encouraged. I receive continued preparation, support, and supervising and engage in partnership working with relevant bureaus. Mentions. 1. Elizabeth Bingham + . ( 2009 ) . Social Care: Group Award Graded Unit. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 147. 2. Elizabeth Bingham + . ( 2009 ) . Psychological positions and Theories on development and demands. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 86-89. 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/prejudice 4. Eliz Bingham + ( 2009 ) . HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 112 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.learningdisabilities.org.uk/media/news-releases/news releases-2005/14-july-2005/ ? locale=en

Pablo Picasso Changed the Way We Look at Art essays

Pablo Picasso Changed the Way We Look at Art essays Picasso Changed the Way We Look at Art "There is no abstract art. You must always start with something. Afterwards you can remove all traces of reality." -Pablo Picasso Picasso had not always been so enlightened with the fact that there was more to art than the eye could see. During the course of his ninety-one year life, Picasso encountered many ideas and people that helped form the wonderfully talented and brilliant artist in history. Picasso was born Pablo Ruiz on October 25th 1881, in Malaga, Spain. His father was a inspiring artist while his mother took care of the house. Picasso had shown a great artistic talent in his early childhood years. At 14 years old, Picasso adopted his mother's less common name. Changing Ruiz to Picasso. Shortly after this event, Picasso had finished his one month qualification exam into the Acadamy of the Arts in Barcelona. The only exceptional thing about this was that Picasso had done this in one day. Picasso stayed with the acadamy for three years, before deciding to move to San Fernando where he would then attend the Acadamy of San Fernando until the turn of the century. Picasso then joined up with the group of aspiring artists. Pablo Picasso was probably the most famous artist of the twentieth century. During his artistic career, which lasted more than 75 years, he created thousands of works, not only paintings but also sculptures, prints, and ceramics, using all kinds of materials. He almost single-handedly created modern art. He changed art more profoundly than any other artist of this century. First famous for his pioneering role in Cubism, Picasso continued to develop his art with a pace and vitality comparable to the accelerated technological and cultural changes of the twentieth century. Each change embodied a radical new idea, and it might be said that Picasso lived several artistic lifetimes. Picasso was born on October 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain, son ...

Additional Reading #2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Additional Reading #2 - Assignment Example ction of an important good thereby leading to a problem whereby no one pays for the good and thus no one gets it despite the product having a higher value compared to the expenses that would be incurred in its production. However, in real sense, the world is never rigid since there are many individuals who are not perfectly selfish thus making it possible to charge consumers for part of the benefit they enjoy. This is because not every individual act or behave in the same way thereby causing variations and differences. Thus, the small percentage of individuals that does not conform to the group behavior brings the small benefit. However, the small benefit constitutes the externality causing underproduction and not the non-existence of a product (Harris, 34). It is of crucial significance to note that there are several forms of externalities. In relation to this, it is important to highlight that externalities may always have several effects. Some of the effects of the externalities may be beneficial (Harris, 68). However, it is of critical to note that some externalities have negative effects on the parties involved. In connection to the above case, it is of critical significance to note that whatever the effects of externalities on the surrounding environments, there are several factors to which such effects are based. Externalities that result to positive influences in the lives of people, as well as, to their surrounding are closely associated with positive externalities (Harris, 73). However, it is prudent to acknowledge the fact that externalities that are associated with bad or negative impacts on the lives of human beings, as well as their surroundings are results of negative externalities. Based on the above, it is of critical s ignificance to know some of the examples of externalities. In addition, it is prudent to understand the nature as well as effects associated with each form of externality. In relation to this, it is prudent to note that one of the

Critical Reflection Journal.School to Prison Pipeline Essay

Critical Reflection Journal.School to Prison Pipeline - Essay Example It is important to ensure that discipline and freedom are enhanced through and in the education system. As noted earlier, the education system should be blamed for the pipeline. Most public schools suffer from lack of enough resources, for example, lack of enough and qualified teachers, insufficient funds, overcrowded classrooms, lack of counselors, and lack special education facilities among others. These factors have led to increased number of school dropouts (Laura, 2014). Some students have been sent to disciplinary alternative schools and juvenile detention after being expelled from the public schools. Some schools have been giving very severe punishments to students on very petty issues through the zero-tolerance policies. The education system should ensure that it disciplines its students as well as give them the freedom they need. Freedom and discipline should go hand in hand. In addition, the education’s main aim should be to mold the students, but not punishing them (Laura, 2014). The education system should ensure that it develops ways and practices that curb the pipeline. Firstly, there is need to abolish the Zero-tolerance policies and develop other realistic disciplinary measures. Secondly, there is a need to equip the schools with more resources like teachers, classes and counselors rather than the policies. The fact that many schools are inadequate resources has led to over-reliance on police, judges and jails rather than on teachers. Lastly, there is a need to curb racism in the education sector. It can be noted that â€Å"students of color† are the most dominant in the juvenile detention

The Rise in Penal Populism | Dissertation

The Rise in Penal Populism | Dissertation Abstract Since the mid-1970s onward, the vast majority of Western countries have experienced a significant plus continual rise in their incarceration rates, leading to the problem of overcrowded prisons. We examine the extent to which the ‘incarceration boom’ of many modern societies can be attributed to the phenomenon of penal populism. Specifically, we argue that some short-lived actual crime waves during the late 1970s and 1980s may have initially generated a small amount of rational penal populist sentiment among the public, it is the strong divisions within the increasingly heterogeneous public (both politically and ethnically), the central government, and the popular media industry of many democratic developed nations which have ultimately sustained the growth of both penal populism and prison population numbers. Furthermore, we focus on the types of crime that are most commonly targeted by strong penal populist sentiments in the public and criminal justice system, and suggest that all such categories of crime can be fundamentally linked to the cultural ‘purification’ of children which has taken place in virtually all Western societies during the latter half of the twentieth century. Finally, we consider the limitations of penal populism, referring to those few post-industrial states where such populist punitiveness has been largely resisted, and postulate what the end-stage consequences of a penal populist movement spanning over the past three decades are likely to be. 1. Introduction The term ‘penal populism’ denotes a punitive phenomenon that has become characteristic of many modern industrial societies, especially within Western liberal democracies since the late twentieth century onward, whereby anti-crime political pressure groups, talk-back radio hosts, victim’s rights activists or lobbyists, and others who claim to represent the ‘ordinary public’ have increasingly demanded of their governments that harsher policies and punishments be enforced by the relevant organs of the criminal justice system (e.g. law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, legislators, etc.) in order to combat the perceived rise in serious crime rates (Pratt, 2006). One direct consequence of the increasingly severe ‘tough on crime’ measures – such as ‘Life means Life’, ‘Three Strikes’, and ‘Zero Tolerance’ policies – exercised in many economically advanced countries from the mid-1970s onward has been an unprecedented rapid rise in the incarceration rates of these respective nations, leading to the problem of overcrowded prisons. The United States epitomises the tempo of the modern change in national imprisonment rates, and currently has the worst problem of prison overcrowding on a global scale. Indeed, ‘American incarceration numbers [have] increased fivefold between 1973 and 1997’(Caplow and Simon, 1999, p63). More recently, ‘in 2004 the United States surpassed Russia in incarceration rates to become the world leader. With 2.2 million individuals inside (assuming a U.S. population of 290 million in 2004, that is an incarceration rate of approximately 759 adults in prison per 100,000 residents of the United States) and upwards of 7 million individuals either on parole, probation or awaiting trial, 1 in every 33 people in the U.S. is currently under state control and the number is growing’(State-Wide Harm Reduction Coalition, 2005). Clearly, an interpretation of the widespread incarceration rise must be able to accurately explain its rapidity, extent, and endurance on a global scale. There are two principal explanations for why such a large number of developed countries have experienced an ‘incarceration boom’ over the past three decades. Both theoretical models assert that it is changes in penal policies plus sentencing practices, rather than simply significant increases in crime rates alone, which are the primary factor responsible for driving prison population growth, but there is considerable disparity between the two theories about the causes of penal policy changes. One ‘crime wave’ hypothesis posits that actual rising crime rates in many Western countries, including the vast expansion of drug crime during the late twentieth century, have resulted in a greater rational public demand for the criminal justice system to take more severe punitive measures against convicted dangerous criminals (i.e. those offenders who pose the highest threat to public safety and social order; the criminal offenders most commonly targeted by penal populism in modern societies shall be considered in detail below), such as a more frequent use of incarceration with longer custodial sentences. In contrast, the second ‘political opportunism’ hypothesis suggests that many majority government parties have intentionally overstated the size and severity of the national crime problem in order to heighten public fears or instil ‘moral panic’ over perceived (as opposed to actual) rising crime rates, which are merely a political artefact, and subsequently utilise harsher crime control policies to win electoral favour (Caplow and Simon, 1999). Importantly, irrespective of which mechanism has in actual fact been operating across numerous advanced industrial states, and has led to the observed excessive growth in prison population sizes, both explanatory models can clearly be regarded as strongly related to the presence of penal populism. The critical difference between the two theories is whether the main original source of those penal populist sentiments can be accurately considered to be the public or the state, or both. According to the first model, which may be described as the public-induced penal populism hypothesis, it has been the persistent public demand for the government to impose harsher punitive measures on convicted criminals which has primarily caused the fast-paced escalation of incarceration numbers in many modern nations. In other words, the criminal justice systems in these countries have largely been exercising a regime of penal excess because constant pressure from a large sector of the public (in response to an actual rise in crime rates) has compelled them to do so. In comparison, the second model, which we may refer to as the state-induced penal populism hypothesis, postulates that within many Western countries the government parties in power have often created and sustained an artificial appearance of rising crime rates in order to instil widespread public anxiety. Subsequently, the majority government (and individual politicians) can be observed by the public to be apparently controlling the perceived illusory crime problem, such as through adopting and enforcing ‘tough on crime’ measures, and thereby attain public popularity to secure their party’s (or their own) success in the next general election. The second model further suggests that the government is not the only state institution in developed nations which benefits from overstating the scale of the dangerous crime threat, but that there are also large rewards for popular media outlets or news companies willing to do so. It is argued by many criminologists that within almost all democratic Western countries, the central government and the popular media, which are both fragmented into multiple competing party’s or companies, are highly dependent on addressing and reporting criminal activity that specifically victimises ‘ordinary people’ in order to retain electoral votes and public ratings, respectively. Hence, the state-induced penal populism hypothesis proposes that politicians and media outlets lead rather than merely follow or passively represent the public opinion: the public only supports or appears to ‘demand’ the government’s harsher punitive policy strategies because the same national government and popular media industry (as two powerful state institutions) have manufactured a compelling false image of prevalent serious crime which has instilled strong penal populist sentiments in a large proportion of that public. The central aim of the following examination is to determine which of these two distinctive theoretical positions is most likely to be correct. It is of course possible that the public-induced penal populism mechanism primarily operates in one developed nation, while in another Western country it may be the state-driven penal populism process that is predominant. However, to the extent that the relatively recent phenomenon of globalisation has resulted in many common economic, social, political, and cultural practices being widely adopted by a number of modern industrial states, one may plausibly expect a similar (if not identical) mechanism of generating penal populism to be present in the developed nations affected by prison population growth, especially with regard to the United States and Western Europe. At the outset, we may hypothesise that although some short-lived real increases in Western crime rates during the late 1970s and 1980s may have initially triggered some rational penal populist sentiments among the public of these modern societies, it has been the combined interaction of both political opportunism and media opportunism which has acted as a powerful vehicle in numerous modern societies for distorting the public’s common view of the national crime problem, and ultimately for sustaining the growth of both penal populism plus prison populations, regardless of how those crime rates may have subsequently changed (and in most developed countries they have steadily declined). One fundamental feature of the modern incarceration surge over the past three decades that is observed in virtually all countries affected by rapid prison growth is the significant proportion of these prison populations that has become comprised of racial minorities, including both of resident ethnic groups and of non-citizen illegal immigrants. As one study (O’Donnell, 2004, p262) remarks, ‘one factor that accounts for rising prison populations across Europe is the incarceration of ‘foreigners’. It is likely that prison accommodation in the Republic of Ireland will be used to hold growing numbers of failed asylum seekers, at least pending deportation. It is also inevitable that the composition of the prison population will change as members of minority groups begin to appear before the courts on criminal charges’. In terms of the racial minorities imprisonment trend in the United States, Caplow and Simon (1999, p66) assert that ‘it is undeniable that the incarcerated population is disproportionately composed of minorities (especially African Americans and Hispanics), and that the disproportion has increased during the period of rising imprisonmentThe period of rapid growth in incarceration rates has seen a significant increase in the proportion of minorities in the inmate population, especially among drug offenders, the fastest growing segment of that [prison] population’. As is the case with most Western European countries, the United States prison sector has also experienced a mass round up of illegal immigrants or non-citizens during the last three decades, who in 2003 made up 40% of federal prisoners (State-Wide Harm Reduction Coalition, 2005). Ultimately, therefore, it is apparent that the incarceration boom in many developed countries has primarily affected various racial minority populations present within these nations. It is the cumulative incarceration of racial minorities that is significantly responsible for the prison overcrowding problem commonly observed. Thus, one crucial question that we must address in the following study is what has caused (and continues to cause) the increased imprisonment of racial minority populations, relative to the incarceration rate of the racial majority host population (typically white), within the modern industrial societies affected by prison overcrowding? Specifically, we shall seek to determine whether pervasive ‘penal racism’, indicated by a greater tendency in developed nations for both the law enforcement system to arrest and subsequently for the criminal justice system to imprison ethnic or non-white defendants compared with white ones who have committed the same offence, is sufficient to explain the large racial differentials observed in incarceration rates, or not. The methodology of the following study consists entirely of literature-based research and analysis. 2. The Origins of Penal Populism: Real Crime Waves versus Political and Media Opportunism It is widely acknowledged that the prevalent public sentiment in many developed countries to ‘get tough’ with criminals has played a central role in catalysing the incarceration surge which has occurred in these nations since the mid-1970s onward, an influential social movement that is referred to as penal populism. Furthermore, whether one regards the source of that penal populism as stemming from a rational public response to actual rising crime rates or, conversely, as triggered by public exposure to political and media manipulation, the measured strength of the public’s demand on their respective democratic governments to impose harsher punitive measures on convicted criminals has remained consistently high over the thirty year period of vast growth in incarceration numbers. For example, with regard to the United States, one study notes that the time series of public responses to the survey question of whether courts are too lenient has remained highly stable since 1972 (Caplow and Simon, 1999). The significant temporal correlation in many modern industrial states between the onset of strong public desire since around the mid-1970s for more stringent crime policies and the period of rapid prison population growth is a clear indication of the vital part that penal populist sentiments have played in causing prison overcrowding. One may plausibly argue that the strong growth of penal populist sentiments in most advanced industrial societies over the past three decades has been initially generated by temporary real increases in crime (including the rapid expansion of a drug-crime economy during the 1980s) and sustained by an increased reliance of governments on implementing harsher crime control measures (rather than more effective social welfare policies) to gain public support plus secure electoral favour. Accordingly, we intend to demonstrate that penal populism in developed nations is a product of both short-lived actual crime waves and manipulative political opportunism. Indeed, one would theoretically expect the two factors operating in conjunction to result in a significantly larger escalation in incarceration rates (as is in fact observed) than would occur if only one of these forces was present in isolation. As one study has observed, ‘tough on crime’ policies produce prison population increases only to the degree that offenders are available to be imprisoned (Zimring and Hawkins, 1991). Conversely, an increase in crime rates would also not produce a corresponding increase in imprisonment rates unless some suitably punitive crime control measures were in place. During the last thirty years there has also certainly occurred in many Western countries a greater dependence of competing popular media companies, both television and the press, on selectively reporting dangerous (i.e. worse than normal) crime on an almost daily basis, simply in order to maintain or increase viewer and reader ratings. By portraying the national crime problem as more severe and more prevalent than in reality, individual popular media outlets (e.g. tabloid newspapers) in developed nations have become more appealing to public viewers than their quality media counterparts (e.g. broadsheet newspapers) who often object to distorting or manipulating the reporting of crime news. Since the late twentieth century onward, crime news has become a fundamental component of the public’s staple diet. As Pratt (2007, p68) suggests, ‘the reporting of crime is inherently able to shock [and] entertain, sustaining public appeal and interest, selling newspapers and increasing television audiences. Furthermore, the way in which crime is used to achieve these ends is by selective rather than comprehensive reportingHowever, it is not only that crime reporting has quantitatively increased; there have also been qualitative changes in its reporting: it is prone to focus more extensively on violent and sexual crime than in the pastThese qualitative and quantitative changes in crime reporting can be attributed to the growing diversity of news sources and media outletsAs a consequence, both television and the press have to be much more competitive than used to be the case. Their programmes have to be packaged in such a way that they become more attractive to viewers than those of their rivals and competitors’. Evidently, given that it is typically the most popular newspapers (such as the tabloid press in Britain) which feature the greatest number and severity of crime stories, it means that the most common representations of crime, portrayed in ‘the form of randomised, unpredictable and violent attacks inevitably committed by strangers on ‘ordinary people’, reach the greatest audience’(Pratt, 2007, p70). Thus, it is clear that within modern society the potential benefits to popular media outlets from inaccurately amplifying the danger plus scale of national crime in the public’s perception are equally as large as the rewards for politicians willing to do so. With regard to addressing the (largely fabricated) immediacy of the criminal activity problem, therefore, media opportunism and political opportunism are proximately linked in virtually all post-industrial countries where penal populist currents are strongly established. As well as magnifying the size of the dangerous crime problem, the popular media in many Western countries further continually seeks to undermine the current sentencing practices of the criminal justice system, regardless of how harsh they have become over the past three decades. In the same way that the crime stories reported by the popular media are scarcely representative of the actual nature of everyday crime within developed nations, the court stories followed are rarely illustrative of everyday sentencing practices. According to Pratt (2007), that media misrepresentation then reinforces the common public opinion that courts are too lenient, even though they have become significantly more punitive, in addition to fuelling the widely held public sentiment that the crime rate is constantly escalating when recent statistics indicate that crime is in fact steadily declining in most modern societies. Thus, in its reporting style, crime analysis by the Western popular media has become ‘personalised’ rather than ‘statisticalised’, since: 1) it prioritises the experiences of ordinary people (especially crime victims) over expert opinions 2) News reports are more prone to focus on the occasional failings of criminal justice officials as opposed to their many successes. Indeed, in the vast majority of modern societies, the ‘citation of criminal statistics has become a code for softness on crime and callousness towards its victims’(Pratt, 2007, p88), which simply provides the popular media with further scope to legitimately overstate the scale and severity of everyday crime in developed states. For these reasons, the media outlets in many Western countries have played a significant role in facilitating the continual growth of penal populist sentiments among the public. 3. The Transient Growth of a Drug-Crime Economy in Developed Countries It is highly pertinent that the vast expansion in drug crime within many Western nations during the late 1970s and 1980s coincided precisely with the onset of rapidly escalating incarceration rates in these same countries. As is asserted, ‘the growth in nondrug crime has simply not been sufficient to sustain the rapid growth of imprisonment. By the 1970s there was already an active culture of drug use and networks of drug importation/sales in the United States, but their economic importance increased in the 1980s due to new products and distribution strategies, especially for ‘crack’ cocaine. That transformation in the marketing of illegal drugs coincided with political decisions to intensify the punishments for drug crimes. The result was an enlargement of the population available for criminal justice processing’(Caplow and Simon, 1999, p71). It is crucial to acknowledge, therefore, that in any modern industrial society there is not a rudimentary causal link between a greater public desire for severity in criminal sanctions and a sustained growth in incarceration numbers; other conditions must be present. Specifically, ‘a key condition is a large pool of offenders available to be imprisoned’(Caplow and Simon, 1999, p93). Although there had also been documented transient increases in the number of offenders committing nondrug crimes such as violent crime, property crime (larceny), and sex crime in modern societies during the 1980s, these numbers tended to fluctuate in cycles over time, and could not account for the continual rise in incarceration rates observed. In contrast, the number of drug crime offences had remained consistently high throughout the 1980s in virtually all developed countries that have experienced an incarceration boom. However, in most Western nations the total drug crime rate then started to steadily decline during the 1990s largely due to the much harsher punishments being imposed on drug crime offenders (both petty and serious) by the criminal justice systems in these states. One valid explanation for the persistently high rate of drug crime during the 1980s is the ‘economic base’ principle. Specifically, while the average monetary yield of larceny, violence and sex offences is very low, drug crime represents one of the only categories of felony where the potential financial returns are extremely high, and that provides a strong economic incentive for individuals living in poverty. Hence, drug smuggling and trafficking are the only illegal activities capable of providing a solid economic base for a large criminal population in modern society. The initial cost of goods is low and law enforcement efforts sustain high retail prices, thereby ensuring large profit margins (Reuter and Kleiman, 1986). Since the 1980s, drug crime has certainly been targeted by penal populist sentiments in many Western countries affected by a public expectation for greater punitiveness, largely irrespective of how the drug crime rate has subsequently changed in these developed nations, but it is evidently not the only category of felony that has become a common target of penal populism. Sex offences (especially against children), violent or abusive crimes (once again, even more so when the victims are children), and youth crime are three other important types of crime that in late modern capitalist states have characteristically become subjected to a public desire for penal excess. We shall examine in detail at a later stage below what these specific four categories of crime have in common and why they are such typical targets of penal populist sentiments in developed liberal societies. 4. The Increased Dependence of Governments on Crime Control as a Source of Popular Credibility The rapid proliferation of drug crime in many Western countries during the late 1970s and 1980s was accompanied by a great loss of public confidence in the social welfare programs implemented in these same nations. As Pratt (2007, p95) asserts, ‘the visible presence of drug addicts in these countries had become a symbol of misplaced welfarism and tolerance, now believed to be corroding their economic and social fabrics’. Furthermore, the short-lived growth of general crime waves in many modern societies during the late twentieth century led to a significant decline of public assurance in the competence of their respective governments to control the state. As one study remarks, ‘the international crime waves of the 1960s and 1970s helped diminish the prestige of national governments all over the industrial world, by calling into question their capacity to maintain social order. The increase of crime rates at a time of increasing government efforts to help the poor undermined many of the traditional arguments for welfare, and helped confirm the view of many conservatives that efforts to help the poor only made circumstances worse by eliminating incentives for self improvement’(Caplow and Simon, 1999, p88). It is difficult to determine whether the crime wave was caused by expansions in welfare programs or merely coincided with them. The main point is that in addition to the direct relationship between high rates of crime and demands for punitive governmental responses, the crime wave may have indirectly diminished the prestige of and public demand for welfare-oriented government (Caplow and Simon, 1999). Thus, it is argued that during the 1980s many Western governments shifted the priority of their domestic agendas away from welfare policies toward crime control policies. Initially, it was most often right wing conservative politicians that promoted ‘tough on crime’ punitive measures, making crime a political issue and gaining public support. However, Lappi-Seppà ¤là ¤ (2002, p92) suggests that mainstream opposition (i.e. left wing) parties are then forced into advocating punitive policies as well, because although these left wing parties want to ‘distance themselves from the populist programmes of the right wing movements, there is one area where they do not like to disagree – the requirement of being ‘tough on crime’. No party seems to be willing to accuse another of exaggeration when it comes to measures against criminality. Being ‘soft on crime’ is an accusation that no [governmental party] wants to accept. And it is that fear of being softer than one’s political opponents which tends to drive politicians, in the end, to the extremes of penal excess’. It is plausible to argue, therefore, that constant competition between opposing governmental factions for public favour in liberal democracies has created an ‘punitive arms race’ of political opportunism, whereby each party is compelled to promote plus (when in power) implement increasingly more radical punitive policies – irrespective of the actual level of crime that the country is experiencing – in order to avoid appearing weak on crime and consequently losing valuable electoral votes to their political opponents who are prepared to be more severe on criminals. Clearly, such an opportunistic punitive arms race occurring within the governments of developed nations would lead to an exponential increase in the prison population numbers of these countries, and ultimately to prison overcrowding. That political mechanism may at least partly explain why so many Western countries which have experienced a large decrease in crime rates since the mid-1990s and into the early twenty-first century have still reported a rising prison population. For example, Pratt (2006, p1) observes that since 1999 Labour led coalition governments in New Zealand have strongly adhered to Britain’s New Labour ‘approach to crime and punishment, even using the famous phrase ‘tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime’ in its election manifestoes of 2002 and 2005. As a consequence, while [New Zealand’s] recorded crime rate has dropped by 25% in the last ten years, its imprisonment rate has increased to 189 per 100,000, one of the highest of Western countries’. Yet it is not only the divisions (i.e. in terms of competing parties) within Western democratic governments that have catalysed the increased political focus on crime control, but also the growing number of divisions among the public itself. Indeed, modern society in many developed nations (such as the United Kingdom and the United States) has become increasingly heterogeneous since the late twentieth century, and consequently the number of bases of division within these societies has expanded. For example, the members of a diverse post-industrial society are not only partitioned along the traditional parameter of social class, but are also strongly divided by a number of dichotomous value-based issues that are characteristic of ‘post-materialist’ politics such as abortion, gay rights, animal rights (e.g. fox hunting), mass immigration, school prayer, and capital punishment where it still exists (Caplow and Simon, 1999). These value- or identity-based issues are intensely contested over in modern societies by well-organised pressure groups on either side of the bipolar political spectrum. These issues are bipolar or dichotomous in the sense that they are non-negotiable with no ‘middle ground’; one either supports abortion rights or one opposes them. Hence, public division on these post-materialist issues is inevitable. One important consequence of the heterogeneous publics of Western countries becoming divided by such a multitude of value conflicts during the 1970s onward is that government parties had difficulty finding any issues to build successful election campaigns on that would appeal to a vast majority of the public. Harsher crime control appeared to be a clear choice as a singular issue that large sections of the modern public are united in consensus on. As is stated, ‘Unlike most values issues on the left or right, crime control seems to cut across the political spectrumPoliticians seeking to build viable majorities inevitably turn to the few issues that can bring people together in the new political landscapeThat is why election campaigns continue to focus on crime and punishment issues even when opposing candidates agree in their support of punitive anticrime measures. Faced with voters who split on so many issues and who are profoundly sceptical about the ability of government to improve their lives through welfare-oriented interventions, the mode of governing that commands the broadest support – punitiveness toward criminal offenders – is understandably [valued by governments]’(Caplow and Simon, 1999, p83). Ultimately, therefore, while short-lived actual increases in crime rates during the late 1970s and 1980s may have initially triggered the rise in imprisonment rates in a number of developed countries, political opportunism (in the sense of governments capitalising on populist punitiveness) has arguably sustained the incarceration boom in virtually all Western nations affected by prison overcrowding, regardless of how those crime rates may have subsequently changed. 5. The Target Crimes of Penal Populism There is a high degree of uniformity across all Western nations that have experienced an incarceration surge over the past three decades in the types of crime that are most commonly subjected to strong public demand for harsh punitive sanctions. Generally, the four most frequent felony targets of penal populism are: Drug crime; Sex offences, especially when the victims are children; Child abuse (physical, sexual, or psychological), and; Youth crime. Correspondingly, these have also been some of the fastest growing segments of prison and boot camp populations in many developed countries during recent years. One fundamental property that the above four categories of crime have in common is that children are extremely vulnerable to the effects of all of them. We may validly question why children have come to occupy such a central place in the penal populist sentiments of modern industrial societies. Pratt (2007, p96) remarks that ‘crime control policy driven by penal populism targets ‘others’, not ordinary, ‘normal’ peopleGiven the nature of populism, we should expect that crime control policy will gravitate towards easy and familiar targets, for whom there is likely to be the least public sympathy, the most social distance and the fewest authoritative voices (if any) to speak on their behalf: tho